Changes

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

All horses may be affected but most are less than five years old. Geriatric animals also have an increased susceptibility. Clinical disease commonly occurs in late winter or early spring and usually affects only one or two horses in a herd, most likely due to increased susceptibility. A history of an unthrifty or 'poor do-er' young horse, combined with identifcation of larvae in faeces may be sufficient to arouse clinical suspicion of cyathostomosis.  

All horses may be affected but most are less than five years old. Geriatric animals also have an increased susceptibility. Clinical disease commonly occurs in late winter or early spring and usually affects only one or two horses in a herd. A history of an unthrifty or 'poor do-er' young horse, combined with identifcation of larvae in faeces may be sufficient to arouse clinical suspicion of cyathostomosis.  

* Hyperglobulinaemia (especially IgG)

* Hyperglobulinaemia (especially IgG)

* (Microcytic) anaemia

* Anaemia (often microcytic)

* Neutrophilia

* Neutrophilia

* Hypoalbuminaemia

* Hypoalbuminaemia

Gross examination of faeces may reveal large numbers of small, thread like larvae. Larvae may also be found on the plastic sleeve following rectal examination.   

Gross examination of faeces may reveal large numbers of small, thread like larvae. Larvae may also be found on the plastic sleeve following rectal examination.   

A definitive diagnosis of cyathostomosis may be made following identification of larvae in the gastrointestinal tract, either in the faeces, from an intestinal biopsy via laparotomy, or at post mortem. Biopsy may also reveal a massive eosinophilic infiltration of the mucosa.  

A definitive diagnosis of cyathostomosis may be made following identification of larvae in the gastrointestinal tract; either in the faeces, from an intestinal biopsy via laparotomy, or at post mortem. Biopsy of the intestine may occasionally reveal a massive eosinophilic infiltration of the mucosa.  

Approximately 40% of cases with severe signs of cyathostomosis recover over a period of 2 or 3 months following treatment with prednisolone and anthelmintics. The prognosis is poorer if weight loss and/or diarrhoea have been present for more than three weeks  prior to initiation of treatment.  

Approximately 40% of cases with severe signs of cyathostomosis recover over a period of 2 or 3 months following treatment with prednisolone and anthelmintics. The prognosis is poorer if weight loss and/or diarrhoea have been present for more than three weeks  prior to initiation of treatment.  

==Prevention==

==Prevention==

Good grazing management such as regular manure removal, harrowing, pasture rotation and grazing horses with ruminants all aid in reducing pasture contamination. Anthemlintic programs should only be used as an adjunct to good hygiene and management practices.  

Good grazing management such as regular manure removal, harrowing, pasture rotation and grazing horses with ruminants all aid in reducing cyathostomin pasture contamination. Anthemlintic programs should only be used as an adjunct to good hygiene and management practices.