Changes

====Control====

====Control====

=====Vaccination=====

=====Vaccination=====

Vaccinate susceptible horses annually.  Vaccinate horses in the face of an outbreak.  Vaccinate mares one month prior to foaling.  Colostral-derived Ab persists for 6-7 months.  Although folas ca be vaccinated at any time, they should be re-vaccinated at 6 months and at one year if they were vaccinated early.  Most vaccines are killed (produced in cell culture and inactivated with formalin) and elicit significant increases in Ab titre after 3 days.  Protective titres last for 6-8 months.  Some cross-protection is seen between the serotypes but not between WEE and EEE.  Monovalent, divalent and trivalent vaccines are available but the response to VEE vaccination alone is decreased in horses previously vaccinated against WEE and EEE.  Susceptible horses should be vaccinated annually in late spring or several months before the high risk season.  Biannual or triannual vaccination is recommended in regions where the mosquito season is prolonged. Vaccination does not interfere with the ELISA assay for VEE.  '''''PRECAUTION'': human vaccination recommended for vets in endemic areas'''.

Most vaccines are killed (produced in cell culture and inactivated with formalin) and elicit significant increases in Ab titre after 3 days.  Protective titres last for 6-8 months.  Some cross-protection is seen between the serotypes but not between Western and Eastern EEV.  Monovalent, divalent and trivalent vaccines are available but the response to monovalent VEE vaccination is decreased in horses previously vaccinated against WEE and EEE.  The current recommendation is to vaccinate susceptible horses annually in late spring or several months before the high risk season.  Biannual or triannual vaccination should be employed in regions where the vector season is prolonged. Susceptible horses should also be vaccinated in the face of an outbreak.  Mares should be vaccinated one month prior to foaling to boost colostral-derived Ab, which persists for 6-7 months.  Although foals can be vaccinated at any time, they should be re-vaccinated at 6 months and at one year if they were vaccinated early.  Vaccination does not interfere with the ELISA assay for VEE.  '''''PRECAUTION'': human vaccination is recommended for vets in endemic areas'''.

=====Vector control=====

=====Vector control=====