Changes

[[Image:Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''' (Photomicrograph of mouse brain tissue after dying of Venezuelan Encephalitis. Reveals neural necrosis and edema.  ''Sourced from Wikimedia Commons, Copyright of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Public Health Image Library (PHIL) Image #2809, 2006)'' ''']]

[[Image:Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''' (Photomicrograph of mouse brain tissue after dying of Venezuelan Encephalitis. Reveals neural necrosis and edema.  ''Sourced from Wikimedia Commons, Copyright of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Public Health Image Library (PHIL) Image #2809, 2006)'' ''']]

==Differential diagnoses==

==Differential diagnoses<ref name="multiple">Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>==

*Other togaviral encephalitides

*Other togaviral encephalitides

*Other [[Equine Viral Encephalitis|viral encephalitides]]

*Other [[Equine Viral Encephalitis|viral encephalitides]]

*Toxicosis

*Toxicosis

==Treatment==

==Treatment<ref name="multiple">Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>==

No effective, specific treatment is available.  Supportive management includes:

No effective, specific treatment is available.  Supportive management includes:

*NSAIDs (phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine) to control pyrexia, inflammation and discomfort

*NSAIDs (phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine) to control pyrexia, inflammation and discomfort

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

Comatose animals rarely survive.  Survivors exhibit functional improvement over weeks to months, but complete recovery from neurological deficits is rare.  Residual ataxia, depression and abnormal behaviour is often seen with EEE, but less so with WEE.  The mortality rates for neurological equine viral encephalitis are reportedly:

Comatose animals rarely survive.  Survivors exhibit functional improvement over weeks to months, but complete recovery from neurological deficits is rare<ref>Patterson, J.S, Maes, R.K, Mullaney, T.P, Benson, C.L (1996) Immunohistochemical diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis, ''J Vet Diagn Invest'', 8(2):156-160.  In: Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref> Residual ataxia, depression and abnormal behaviour is often seen with EEE, but less so with WEE.  The mortality rates for neurological equine viral encephalitis are reportedly:

*EEE 75-100%

*EEE 75-100%

*WEE 20-50%

*WEE 20-50%

*VEE 40-80%

*VEE 40-80%

It is generally assumed that infection does not provide protective immunity, however, protection for up to 2 years has been noted.

It is generally assumed that infection does not provide protective immunity, however, protection for up to 2 years has been noted.<ref name="multiple">Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12</ref>

==Control==

==Control==