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''S. calcitrans'' can feed on a number of hosts in close succession, and therefore can act as an important mechanical vector in the transmission of disease.

''S. calcitrans'' can feed on a number of hosts in close succession, and therefore can act as an important mechanical vector in the transmission of disease e.g. [[Equine Infectious Anemia|Equine infectious anaemia]].

 

''S. calcitrans'' can also act as intermediate hosts of the nematode [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Helminths|''Habronema'']].

==Identification==

==Identification==

''Stomoxys calcitrans'' has a high resemblance to [[Musca spp.|''Musca domestica'']].   

''Stomoxys calcitrans'' has a high resemblance to [[Musca spp.|''Musca domestica'']].   

''S. calcitrans'' is 5-7mm long, and both the males and females suck blood.  They are grey with four long longitudinal stripes on the thorax, and with large black spots on the abdomen.   

''S. calcitrans'' is 5-7mm long, and both the males and females suck blood.  They are grey with four long longitudinal stripes on the thorax, and with large black spots on the abdomen.   

The larvae are identified bu examination of the posterior spiracles.

The larvae are identified bu examination of the posterior spiracles.

==Life cycle==

==Life cycle==

*Eggs laid on rotting hay and straw

Eggs are laid on manure, or rotting hay and straw.  The eggs then develop into larvae in usually less than 4 days, and then transform from larvae into adults.  The females require several large blood meals before they are successfully able to reproduce.

 

 

 

 

 

***Up to 20% in cattle affected by '''fly worry'''

 

*Mechanical vectors for protozoa e.g. trypanosomes in warmer countries

The life cycle from the production of an egg to a fully mature adult can range from 12-60 days.

[[Category:Biting_Flies]]

[[Category:Biting_Flies]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]