Changes

The route of infection remains unconfirmed, (Pasq) but there is an increased risk associated with a young age (1-4yrs) (IVIS 3) and autumn months (24 in Furr).  The reported age range for EPM cases is currently 2 months (34 in furr) to 24 years (35 in Furr).  Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds and Quarterhorses are most commonly affected across the US and Canada (30 in Furr).  This may relate to a breed predispostion or alternatively, managemental factors associated with these breeds(32 in Furr).  Showing, racing (25 in Furr) and stress(25 in Furr) have been linked to a greater risk of clinical disease(IVIS 2).  Case clustering may occur where all the risk factors are in operation, most cases appear in isolation (Furr).

The route of infection remains unconfirmed, (Pasq) but there is an increased risk associated with a young age (1-4yrs) (IVIS 3) and autumn months (24 in Furr).  The reported age range for EPM cases is currently 2 months (34 in furr) to 24 years (35 in Furr).  Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds and Quarterhorses are most commonly affected across the US and Canada (30 in Furr).  This may relate to a breed predispostion or alternatively, managemental factors associated with these breeds(32 in Furr).  Showing, racing (25 in Furr) and stress(25 in Furr) have been linked to a greater risk of clinical disease(IVIS 2).  Case clustering may occur where all the risk factors are in operation, most cases appear in isolation (Furr).

Additonal risk factors for EPM: opossums seen on farm, woods on famr, (Furr), increased numbers of hroses, purchase dvs home-forwn grain, use of wood chips or shavings as bedding, presence of rats or mice, increased pop density

Increasing age and temperature have been associated with an increased seroprevalence of ''S. neurona''(43 in furr).  Seroprevalence for this species is typically higher than for ''N. hughesi''.(Furr)Other risk factors for EPM include the presence of opossums, rats, mice and woodland, increased population density of humans and horses, bedding horses on shavings or wood chips and the use of purchased grain.(Furr)

====Life Cycle====

====Life Cycle====