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Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (view source)
Revision as of 22:13, 19 July 2010
, 22:13, 19 July 2010→Clinical Signs
| '''Clinical signs'''
| '''Clinical signs'''
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|Spinal cord
|'''Spinal cord'''
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*Ataxia, paresis or spasticity of one or more limbs, often asymmetrical, signs usually worse in hindlimbs, may see stumbling, falling, knuckling, toe dragging, circumduction, crossing over, tetraparesis - areflexia, hyporeflexia (LMN) or hyperreflexia (UMN) depending on site of lesion
*Ataxia, paresis or spasticity of one or more limbs, often asymmetrical, signs usually worse in hindlimbs, may see stumbling, falling, knuckling, toe dragging, circumduction, crossing over, tetraparesis - areflexia, hyporeflexia (LMN) or hyperreflexia (UMN) depending on site of lesion
*Sacrococcygeal involvement will produce signs that mimic ''polyneuritis equi''
*Sacrococcygeal involvement will produce signs that mimic ''polyneuritis equi''
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|Peripheral nerves (may lead to injuries to muscle tendons or ligaments)
|'''Peripheral nerves''' (may lead to injuries to muscle tendons or ligaments)
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*Upward fixation of the patella
*Upward fixation of the patella
*Gait abnormality
*Gait abnormality
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|Brainstem (cranial nerve signs, <5% cases)
|'''Brainstem''' (cranial nerve signs, <5% cases)
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*Atrophy of ''temporalis'' and ''masseter'' muscles, loss of facial sensation (V)
*Atrophy of ''temporalis'' and ''masseter'' muscles, loss of facial sensation (V)
*Blindness with or without abnormal pupillary reflexes (Pasq)
*Blindness with or without abnormal pupillary reflexes (Pasq)
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|Cerebrum, basal nuclei, cerebellum:
|'''Cerebrum, basal nuclei, cerebellum'''
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*Abnormal menace response
*Abnormal menace response
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Lesions of the brainstem, cerebrum or cerebellum are less frequently recognized than those of the spinal cord. Horse with severe EPM may be unable to stand or swallow and, if left untreated, progress to recumbency within 14 days to 6 months. (Pasq) This deterioration may occur smoothly or spasmodically (Merck) but is likely to result in death. It has been suggested that rapidly progressive presentations reflect brainstem lesions.(Furr)
Lesions of the brainstem, cerebrum or cerebellum are less frequently recognized than those of the spinal cord. Horse with severe EPM may be unable to stand or swallow and, if left untreated, progress to recumbency within 14 days to 6 months. (Pasq) This deterioration may occur smoothly or spasmodically (Merck) but is likely to result in death. It has been suggested that rapidly progressive presentations reflect brainstem lesions.(Furr)
====Diagnosis====
====Diagnosis====