Changes

|}

|}

==== Introduction ====

==Introduction==

''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' is the bovine lungworm (a member of the '''Trichostrongyloidea''').  They are found in the trachea and larger bronchi and are responsible for parasitic bronchitis (syn. Bovine dictyocauliosis, husk, hoose). There has been an increase in the incidence of husk in recent years; first season calves are particularly affected, although yearling and adult cattle may also succumb to the disease. Lungworm is responsible for reduced weight-gain and deaths in calves and yearlings and lowered milk-yield in dairy cows. A closely-related species is also responsible for one of the most important diseases of farmed deer. The parasite is of welfare importance if clinically affected animals are left untreated.

''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' is the bovine lungworm (a member of the '''Trichostrongyloidea''').  They are found in the trachea and larger bronchi and are responsible for parasitic bronchitis (syn. Bovine dictyocauliosis, husk, hoose). There has been an increase in the incidence of husk in recent years; first season calves are particularly affected, although yearling and adult cattle may also succumb to the disease. Lungworm is responsible for reduced weight-gain and deaths in calves and yearlings and lowered milk-yield in dairy cows. A closely-related species is also responsible for one of the most important diseases of farmed deer. The parasite is of welfare importance if clinically affected animals are left untreated.

Cattle, buffalo, deer and camels.

Cattle, buffalo, deer and camels.

==== Life Cycle ====

==Life Cycle==

The adult worms are found in the trachea and the bronchi.  The female lays embryonated eggs, which are later coughed up and swallowed.  The eggs hatch during the passage through the intestinal system.  First stage larvae are passed in the faeces of the host.  Development into L2, and later L3, occurs within the faeces on the pasture.   

The adult worms are found in the trachea and the bronchi.  The female lays embryonated eggs, which are later coughed up and swallowed.  The eggs hatch during the passage through the intestinal system.  First stage larvae are passed in the faeces of the host.  Development into L2, and later L3, occurs within the faeces on the pasture.