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Bordetella species - Overview (view source)
Revision as of 08:47, 23 July 2010
, 08:47, 23 July 2010Created page with '{{unfinished}} ==Overview== The ''Bordetella'' species are normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract and can cause repsiratory diseases including [[Atrophic Rhinitis|rhi…'
{{unfinished}}
==Overview==
The ''Bordetella'' species are normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract and can cause repsiratory diseases including [[Atrophic Rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology|tracheitis]] and [[Diseases of the conducting airways|bronchitis and bronchiolitis]].
The species [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']] infects a wide range of animal species worldwide, whereas [[Bordetella avium|''B. avium'']] is resticted to birds.
''Bordetella'' species cause exogenous or endogenous infection which is of high morbidity andlow mortality. They have poor survival in the environment. Transmission occurs between animals and young animals are particularly susceptible. Predisposing factors to ''Bordetella'' include stress and concurrent infections.
==Characteristics==
The ''Bordetella'' species are Gram negative rods. They are strict aerobes that are catalase and oxidase positive. They grow slowly and are non-lactose fermentors that grow on MacConkey agar. Toxigenic strains agglutinate mammalian red blood cells. There is identical S form of LPS in all strains of [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']].
[[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']] are haemolytic, whereas [[Bordetella avium|''B. avium'']] are not. They both have an affinity for ciliated respiratory epithelium.
==Pathogenesis and pathogenicity==
The ''Bordetella'' species use pathogenicity factors such as filamentous haemagglutanin (only [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']]), fimbriae and pertactin to adhere to ciliated respiratory epithelium.
They produce toxins including;
*Adenylate cyclase, a leucocyte toxin that kills phagocytes. (only ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'')
*Tracheal cytotoxin which inhibits DNA synthesis in ciliated cells.
*Dermonecrotic toxin.
Pathogenicity factors are activated by the environment and genetic changes. Phase variation: genetic switch of Bvg locus allows transciption of pathogenicity factors. Phenotypic modulation: temperature, magnesium ions and nicotinic acid affect the expression of the pathogenicity factors. Bvg positive allows the expression of pathogenicity factors and toxins and colonisation, whereas Bvg negative may allow survival in the environment with the production of flagellae.
Mucosal IgA prevents the attachment of bacteria to cilia, but clearance from the respiratory tract may take weeks. Carrier animals are a source of infection.
==Diagnosis==
To diagnose ''Bordetella'', samples can be taken including nasal swabs, tracheal aspirates and exudates. They can be cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar. Biochemical profiles can be done and slide agglutination tests for virulence of isolates.
[[Category:To_Do_-_AimeeHicks]][[Category:Bordetella_species]]
==Overview==
The ''Bordetella'' species are normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract and can cause repsiratory diseases including [[Atrophic Rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology|tracheitis]] and [[Diseases of the conducting airways|bronchitis and bronchiolitis]].
The species [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']] infects a wide range of animal species worldwide, whereas [[Bordetella avium|''B. avium'']] is resticted to birds.
''Bordetella'' species cause exogenous or endogenous infection which is of high morbidity andlow mortality. They have poor survival in the environment. Transmission occurs between animals and young animals are particularly susceptible. Predisposing factors to ''Bordetella'' include stress and concurrent infections.
==Characteristics==
The ''Bordetella'' species are Gram negative rods. They are strict aerobes that are catalase and oxidase positive. They grow slowly and are non-lactose fermentors that grow on MacConkey agar. Toxigenic strains agglutinate mammalian red blood cells. There is identical S form of LPS in all strains of [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']].
[[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']] are haemolytic, whereas [[Bordetella avium|''B. avium'']] are not. They both have an affinity for ciliated respiratory epithelium.
==Pathogenesis and pathogenicity==
The ''Bordetella'' species use pathogenicity factors such as filamentous haemagglutanin (only [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B. bronchiseptica'']]), fimbriae and pertactin to adhere to ciliated respiratory epithelium.
They produce toxins including;
*Adenylate cyclase, a leucocyte toxin that kills phagocytes. (only ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'')
*Tracheal cytotoxin which inhibits DNA synthesis in ciliated cells.
*Dermonecrotic toxin.
Pathogenicity factors are activated by the environment and genetic changes. Phase variation: genetic switch of Bvg locus allows transciption of pathogenicity factors. Phenotypic modulation: temperature, magnesium ions and nicotinic acid affect the expression of the pathogenicity factors. Bvg positive allows the expression of pathogenicity factors and toxins and colonisation, whereas Bvg negative may allow survival in the environment with the production of flagellae.
Mucosal IgA prevents the attachment of bacteria to cilia, but clearance from the respiratory tract may take weeks. Carrier animals are a source of infection.
==Diagnosis==
To diagnose ''Bordetella'', samples can be taken including nasal swabs, tracheal aspirates and exudates. They can be cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar. Biochemical profiles can be done and slide agglutination tests for virulence of isolates.
[[Category:To_Do_-_AimeeHicks]][[Category:Bordetella_species]]