Changes

The clinical signs typically persist for 2-3 days to 2-3 weeks.

The clinical signs typically persist for 2-3 days to 2-3 weeks.

Systemic signs are likely to indicate the development of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]], signs include pyrexia, inappetance and depression. Systemic disease is more likely to occur in young or immunocompromised animals. This condition is usually a result of secondary infection with [[Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|pasturella species]] and [[Category:Streptococcus species| streptococci bacteria]].

Systemic signs are likely to indicate the development of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]], signs include pyrexia, inappetance and depression. Systemic disease is more likely to occur in young or immunocompromised animals. This condition is usually a result of secondary infection with [[Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|pasturella species]] and [[Category:Streptococcus species| streptococci bacteria]]. If widespread systemic signs are present infection wth canine distemper virus should be suspected.

Diagnosis is most often made on history and physical exam ruling out other causes of the cough.  

Diagnosis is most often made on history and physical exam ruling out other causes of the cough.  

==Radiography==

==Radiography==

Thoracic radiography and ultrasound are often unremarkable however may help to rule out other causes of the cough.

Thoracic radiography and ultrasound are often unremarkable however may help to rule out other causes of the cough.

==Endoscopy==

==Endoscopy==

Only considered when it is necessary to rule out a number of alternative diagnoses.  

Only considered when it is necessary to rule out a number of alternative diagnoses.  

Will enable collection of samples from the respiratory tract. Often no specific findings however, tracheal cytology which may reveal inreased numbers of neutrophils and bacteria. Samples for bacteriology from the upper airways may be deceptive as they are likely to harbour many commensal organisms. Ideally samples sholud be collected from the lower airways by a transbronchial wash.

Will enable collection of samples from the respiratory tract. Often no specific findings however, tracheal cytology may reveal inreased numbers of neutrophils and bacteria. Samples for bacteriology from the upper airways may be deceptive as they are likely to harbour commensal organisms. Ideally samples sholud be collected from the lower airways by a transbronchial wash.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Uncomplicated cases are often self limiting and will resolve with or without treatment.  

Uncomplicated cases are often self limiting and will resolve with or without treatment.  

Antibiotic treatment is indicated if the animal is showing signs of systemic illness or if there is bronchopneumonia present. Where culture and sensitivity has been undertaken an appropriate antibiotic should be chosen on the results otherwise [[Tetracyclines| doxycycline]], [[Macrolides and Lincosamides|erythromycin]], [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] or a [[Potentiated-Sulphonamides| potentiated sulphonamide]] are good choices.  

Antibiotic treatment is indicated if the animal is showing signs of systemic illness or if there is bronchopneumonia present. Where culture and sensitivity has been undertaken an appropriate antibiotic should be chosen on these results otherwise [[Tetracyclines| doxycycline]], [[Macrolides and Lincosamides|erythromycin]], [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] or a [[Potentiated-Sulphonamides| potentiated sulphonamide]] are good choices.  

Antitussives and bronchodilators may be used to alleviate severe coughing. Nebulization can also be useful to help loosen bronchial and tracheal secretions.

Antitussives and bronchodilators may be used to alleviate severe coughing. Nebulization can also be useful to help loosen bronchial and tracheal secretions.

In patients with severe disease further supportive care including [[Fluid Therapy |fluids]] and enteral feeding wil be required.

In patients with severe disease further supportive care including [[Fluid Therapy |fluids]] and enteral feeding wil be required.

==Control==

==Control==

[[Vaccines - WikiBlood|Vaccines]] can prevent or reduce the severity of disease caused by ''B. bronchiseptica'', parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Vaccinated animals can still contract the disease as multiple agents are implicated. Vaccines are available to be given systemically or intranasally. Intranasal vaccination provides mucosal [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] immunity and the presence of maternal antibodies are not a problem.  

[[Vaccines - WikiBlood|Vaccines]] can prevent or reduce the severity of disease caused by ''B. bronchiseptica'', parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Vaccinated animals can still contract the disease as multiple agents are implicated. Vaccines are available to be given systemically or intranasally. Intranasal vaccination provides mucosal [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] immunity and the presence of maternal antibodies are not a problem.  

It is important to practice good husbandry in areas where groups of dogs mix. Ideally all animals should be vaccinated, any infected animals should be isolated to minimise the spread to unaffected animals and all fomites that have come into contact with an affected animal must be disinfected. Areas should be kept well ventilated and ideally animals should be kept in low population densities.

It is important to practice good husbandry in areas where groups of dogs mix e.g boarding kennels . Ideally all animals should be vaccinated, any infected animals should be isolated to minimise the spread to unaffected animals and all fomites that have come into contact with an affected animal must be disinfected. Areas should be kept well ventilated and ideally animals should be kept in low population densities.

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==