*Leisions of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] or [[Oesophageal groove|oesophageal groove]] such as tumours, abcessation or infection with ''Actinobacillous lignierii''.
+
*Physical oesophageal obstruction
+
*Leisions of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] or [[Oesophageal groove|oesophageal groove]] such as tumours, abcessation or infection with [[Actinobacillus lignieresii|Actinobacillus lignierii.]]
+
*Prolonged lateral recumbency
+
*Excessive cereal ingestion
*Rumenal atony
*Rumenal atony
−
*Tentanus
+
*Inability to eructate due to Tentanus or Milk fever
−
*Milk fever
−
*Chronic inflammatory or adhesive disease of the [[The Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]]
*Chronic inflammatory or adhesive disease of the [[The Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]]