Changes

*'''[[Pulmonary Oedema|Pulmonary oedema]]''' - Damage to the small vessels of the pulmonary vasculature may result in pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion with dyspnoea, tachypnoea and coughing.

*'''[[Pulmonary Oedema|Pulmonary oedema]]''' - Damage to the small vessels of the pulmonary vasculature may result in pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion with dyspnoea, tachypnoea and coughing.

*'''Electrolyte imbalances''' - The failure to excrete phosphate through the damaged kidneys results in hyperphosphataemia.  This complexes with calcium and also prevents the activation of vitamin D (dihydroxycholecalciferol), resulting in hypocalcaemia.  This hypocalcaemia directly stimulates the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to try to maintain normal blood calcium levels and, in ~10% dogs with renal failure, hypercalaemia may develop due to an alteration in the set-point at which PTH is secreted.  In the remaining 90%, calcium is mobilised from bone causing '''secondary renal hyperparathyroidism''' with pathological fractures of various bones.   

*'''Electrolyte imbalances''' - The failure to excrete phosphate through the damaged kidneys results in hyperphosphataemia.  This complexes with calcium and also prevents the activation of vitamin D (dihydroxycholecalciferol), resulting in hypocalcaemia.  This hypocalcaemia directly stimulates the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to try to maintain normal blood calcium levels and, in ~10% dogs with renal failure, hypercalaemia may develop due to an alteration in the set-point at which PTH is secreted.  In the remaining 90%, calcium is mobilised from bone causing '''secondary renal hyperparathyroidism''' with pathological fractures of various bones.   

*'''[[Peritonitis - Dogs and Cats|Uraemic peritonitis]]''' - This is a form of chemical [[peritonitis]] that results from inflammation of the small mesothelial blood vessels.

*'''[[Peritonitis - Cats and Dogs|Uraemic peritonitis]]''' - This is a form of chemical [[peritonitis]] that results from inflammation of the small mesothelial blood vessels.

*'''Atrial rupture''' - Mineralisation of the atria reduces their normal compliance and renders them susceptible to rupture.  The resultant haemopericardium is often fatal as it causes acute cardiac tamponade.

*'''Atrial rupture''' - Mineralisation of the atria reduces their normal compliance and renders them susceptible to rupture.  The resultant haemopericardium is often fatal as it causes acute cardiac tamponade.

*'''Metastatic mineralisation''' - The presence of excessive blood concentrations of phosphate leads to metastatic calcification in multiple tissues, particularly the rugae of the gastric mucosa, the pulmonary parenchyma, the heart ...

*'''Metastatic mineralisation''' - The presence of excessive blood concentrations of phosphate leads to metastatic calcification in multiple tissues, particularly the rugae of the gastric mucosa, the pulmonary parenchyma, the heart ...

*'''Thrombocytopathia'''.

*'''Thrombocytopathia'''.

*'''[[Arrhthymias Overview|Arrhthymias]]'''.

*'''[[Arrhythmias Overview|Arrhthymias]]'''.

*'''Neurological disease''' - The presence of extremely high concentrations of urea and creatinine may induce '''uraemic seizures''' and this is usually a terminal event.

*'''Neurological disease''' - The presence of extremely high concentrations of urea and creatinine may induce '''uraemic seizures''' and this is usually a terminal event.

*'''Anaemia''' - The diseased kidenys produce less erythropoietin than normal but the uraemic toxins also decrease the lifespan of existing red blood cells.  Erythrocytes may also be damaged as they pass along inflamed vessel walls, a form of microangiopathic haemolysis.

*'''Anaemia''' - The diseased kidenys produce less erythropoietin than normal but the uraemic toxins also decrease the lifespan of existing red blood cells.  Erythrocytes may also be damaged as they pass along inflamed vessel walls, a form of microangiopathic haemolysis.