Changes

Pruritus may be mild to severe.

Pruritus may be mild to severe.

In cases of conjunctival habronemiasis there will be gitty plaques on the conjunctival and palpebral borders, which is painful in severe cases leading to epiphora and blephrospasm. Conjunctival habronemiasis is fairly common and must be differentiated from Squamous cell carcinoma of the third eyelid.  

In cases of '''conjunctival habronemiasis''' there will be gitty plaques on the conjunctival and palpebral borders, which is painful in severe cases leading to epiphora and blephrospasm. Conjunctival habronemiasis is fairly common and must be differentiated from [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]] of the third eyelid.  

===Cytology===

===Cytology===

Cytology of the exudate or skin scrapings frequently reveal larvae but biopsy is recommended because Habronema larvae commonly invade skin lesions with another underlying cause such as infectious granulomas, sarcoids and ulcerative dermatitis.   

Cytology of the exudate or skin scrapings frequently reveal larvae but biopsy is recommended because ''Habronema'' larvae commonly invade skin lesions with another underlying cause such as infectious granulomas, [[Sarcoids|sarcoids]] and ulcerative dermatitis.   

 

===Biopsy===

===Biopsy===

Biopsy will reveal nodular/diffuse granulomatous dermatitis with eosinophilic infiltrates and mast cells. Necrotic foci with multiple nematode larvae and granulation tissue with [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] along the ulcerated surface are also characteristic.

Biopsy will reveal nodular/diffuse granulomatous dermatitis with eosinophilic infiltrates and mast cells. Necrotic foci with multiple nematode larvae and granulation tissue with [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] along the ulcerated surface are also characteristic.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Systemic '''glucocorticoids''' decrease the inflammatory response of the the hypersensitivity reaction, oral prednisolone is effective at a dose of 1mg/kg SID or BID for 14days and then tapered.

Systemic '''glucocorticoids''' decrease the inflammatory response of the the hypersensitivity reaction, e.g. oral prednisolone.

Organophosphate pastes and anti-inflammatory pastes can be applied to the wound until it has healed, or the wound should be bandaged to prevent reinfestation.  

Organophosphate pastes and anti-inflammatory pastes can be applied to the wound until it has healed, or the wound should be bandaged to prevent reinfestation.  

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

Recurrence is common. Fly control, meticulus wound management and regular anthelmintic use is needed to prevent or limit the condition.

 

Recurrence is common. Fly control, meticulous wound management and regular anthelmintic use is needed to prevent or limit the condition.

==References==

==References==

[[Category:To_Do_- lizzyk]]

[[Category:To_Do_- lizzyk]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]