Changes

In general, it is not advisable to drain effusions unless they are causing clinical signs as the procedures are invasive and drainage of large volumes of fluid will further deplete body protein reserves.  Neverthless, pleural and pericardial effusions should be drained to stabilise an animal with dyspnoea or signs of heart failure.

In general, it is not advisable to drain effusions unless they are causing clinical signs as the procedures are invasive and drainage of large volumes of fluid will further deplete body protein reserves.  Neverthless, pleural and pericardial effusions should be drained to stabilise an animal with dyspnoea or signs of heart failure.

The management of hypoalbuminaemia is discussed [[Hypoalbuminaemia|here]].

The [[Hypoalbuminaemia|management of hypoalbuminaemia is discussed here]].

Inappropriate activation of the RAAS is best treated with the diuretic spironolactone (a potassium sparing diuretic) because this prevents aldosterone from acting on Na/K pumps in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the renal nephrons.  Frusemide (a loop diuretic) may be used later if aldosterone does not produce satisfactory results.  The underlying cause of the increased hydrostatic pressure should also be addressed.       

Inappropriate activation of the RAAS is best treated with the diuretic spironolactone (a potassium sparing diuretic) because this prevents aldosterone from acting on Na/K pumps in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the renal nephrons.  Frusemide (a loop diuretic) may be used later if aldosterone does not produce satisfactory results.  The underlying cause of the increased hydrostatic pressure should also be addressed.