Changes

{{unfinished}}

{{review}}

 

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"  

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"  

==History and Clinical Signs==

==History and Clinical Signs==

Often a history of exposure to other dogs at either rehoming centers, bording kennels, or in a hospital etc. Direct contact or aerosol spread are the most common routes of infection.  

Often a history of exposure to other dogs at either rehoming centers, bording kennels, or in a hospital etc. Direct contact or aerosol spread are the most common routes of infection.  

Clinical signs develop 3-5 days after exposure. Signs are often mild and self limiting.  Afected dogs usually have a dry hacking cough which is likely to be exacerbated on exercise or excitement. Sometimes sneezing, [[Diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses#Nasal discharge|serous nasal discharge]] and lymphadenopathy are present.

Clinical signs develop 3-5 days after exposure. Signs are often mild and self limiting.  Affected dogs usually have a dry hacking cough which is likely to be exacerbated on exercise or excitement. Sometimes sneezing, [[Diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses#Nasal discharge|serous nasal discharge]] and lymphadenopathy are present.

The clinical signs typically persist for 2-3 days to 2-3 weeks.

The clinical signs typically persist for 2-3 days to 2-3 weeks.

Systemic signs are likely to indicate the development of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]], signs include pyrexia, inappetance and depression. Systemic disease is more likely to occur in young or immunocompromised animals. This condition is usually a result of secondary infection with [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species| pasturella species]] pasturella and [[:Category:Streptococcus species| streptococci bacteria]] streptococci species. If widespread systemic signs are present infection wth canine distemper virus should be suspected.

Systemic signs are likely to indicate the development of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]], signs include pyrexia, inappetance and depression. Systemic disease is more likely to occur in young or immunocompromised animals. This condition is usually a result of secondary infection with [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species| ''Pasturella'' species]] and [[:Category:Streptococcus species|''Streptococci'' bacteria]]. If widespread systemic signs are present infection with canine distemper virus should be suspected.

Diagnosis is most often made on history and physical exam ruling out other causes of the cough.

Diagnosis is most often made on history and physical exam ruling out other causes of the cough.

==Endoscopy==

==Endoscopy==

Only considered when it is necessary to rule out a number of alternative diagnoses.  

Only considered when it is necessary to rule out a number of alternative diagnoses.  

Will enable collection of samples from the respiratory tract. Often no specific findings however, tracheal cytology may reveal inreased numbers of neutrophils and bacteria. Samples for bacteriology from the upper airways may be deceptive as they are likely to harbour commensal organisms. Ideally samples sholud be collected from the lower airways by a transbronchial wash.

Will enable collection of samples from the respiratory tract. Often no specific findings however, tracheal cytology may reveal increased numbers of neutrophils and bacteria. Samples for bacteriology from the upper airways may be deceptive as they are likely to harbour commensal organisms. Ideally samples should be collected from the lower airways by a transbronchial wash.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Antitussives and bronchodilators may be used to alleviate severe coughing. Nebulization can also be useful to help loosen bronchial and tracheal secretions.

Antitussives and bronchodilators may be used to alleviate severe coughing. Nebulization can also be useful to help loosen bronchial and tracheal secretions.

In patients with severe disease further supportive care including [[Fluid Therapy |fluids]] and enteral feeding wil be required.

In patients with severe disease further supportive care including [[Fluid Therapy |fluids]] and enteral feeding will be required.

[[Anti-Inflammatory Drugs|Anti-inflammatories]] may help relieve some of the clinical signs however there use is contra-indicated in immunocompromised animals.

[[Anti-Inflammatory Drugs|Anti-inflammatories]] may help relieve some of the clinical signs however there use is contra-indicated in immunocompromised animals.

==References==

==References==

Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2)  

Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine''' (6th edition, volume 2)  

Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition) Merial  

Merck & Co (2008) ''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Eighth Edition) Merial  

[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

[[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]

[[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

[[Category:Expert_Review]]