Changes

====Hosts====

====Hosts====

*Gallinaceous birds, pigeons, parrots, finches

Gallinaceous birds, pigeons, parrots, finches

*Subclinical carriers: ducks, ostriches

 

Subclinical carriers: ducks, ostriches

 

====Pathogenesis====

====Pathogenesis====

*Transmission via aerosol and direct contact

Transmission via aerosol and direct contact

*Disease ranges from subclinical respiratory tract infections -> torticollis -> haemorrhages and death

Disease ranges from subclinical respiratory tract infections -> torticollis -> haemorrhages and death

====Diagnosis====

====Diagnosis====

Two diagnostic tests currently exist:

Two diagnostic tests currently exist:

*Animal test:

Animal test:

**Samples of trachea and gut of 20 birds are tested in eggs

1. Samples of trachea and gut of 20 birds are tested in eggs

**'''HI''' using anti-NDV serum (to differentiate '''HA''' caused by [[Avian Influenza]]

'''HI''' using anti-NDV serum (to differentiate '''HA''' caused by [[Avian Influenza]]

**Virulence of isolate tested by the speed it kills chicks

Virulence of isolate tested by the speed it kills chicks

*DNA test (which will soon replace the animal test):

 

**Sequencing the cleavage site of H gene

2. DNA test (which will soon replace the animal test):

**The more basic amino acids the more virulent the virus

Sequencing the cleavage site of H gene

The more basic amino acids the more virulent the virus

====Control====

====Control====