Changes

*'''Gastrodudodenal motility''': critically ill neonatal foals can have a substantially different pH profile compared to clinically normal foals, possibly due to changes in gastric motility and acid secretion.(45 in Sanhcez)

*'''Gastrodudodenal motility''': critically ill neonatal foals can have a substantially different pH profile compared to clinically normal foals, possibly due to changes in gastric motility and acid secretion.(45 in Sanhcez)

====Intrinsic ulcerogneic factors====

====Intrinsic ulcerogenic factors====

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a sustained gastric pH<4.0 are the most significant factors in gastric ulceration.  Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), lactic acid and bile acids act synergistically with HCl to cause changes in squamous mucosal bioelectric properties (the first sign of acidic damage).  VFAs and lactic acid are by-products of bacterial fermentation of sugars in concentrate diets.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a sustained gastric pH<4.0 are the most significant factors in gastric ulceration.  Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), lactic acid and bile acids act synergistically with HCl to cause changes in squamous mucosal bioelectric properties (the first sign of acidic damage).  VFAs and lactic acid are by-products of bacterial fermentation of sugars in concentrate diets.

*'''Hydrochloric acid''' damages the squamous mucosa by compromising the outer cell barrier.  It then diffuses into the squamous cells of the ''stratum spinosum'', inhibiting cellular sodium transport and causing cell swelling, necrosis and eventual ulceration. (Argenzio and Eismann 1987; Nadeau et al. 2003a,b)

*'''Hydrochloric acid''' damages the squamous mucosa by compromising the outer cell barrier.  It then diffuses into the squamous cells of the ''stratum spinosum'', inhibiting cellular sodium transport and causing cell swelling, necrosis and eventual ulceration. (Argenzio and Eismann 1987; Nadeau et al. 2003a,b)

*'''Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)''' (acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids) are lipid soluble.  They readily diffuse into the squamous mucosal cells of the ''stratum spinosum'' and immediately inhibit sodium transport leading to cell swelling, necrosis and ulceration.  

*'''Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)''' (acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids) are lipid soluble.  They readily diffuse into the squamous mucosal cells of the ''stratum spinosum'' causing similar damage to HCl.

*'''Lactic acid''' may increase the permeability of the squamous mucosa in the presence of VFAs and/or HCl (Andrews et al. 2008).

*'''Lactic acid''' may increase the permeability of the squamous mucosa in the presence of VFAs and/or HCl (Andrews et al. 2008).