Changes

*'''Hydrochloric acid''' damages the squamous mucosa by compromising the outer cell barrier.  It then diffuses into the squamous cells of the ''stratum spinosum'', inhibiting cellular sodium transport and causing cell swelling, necrosis and eventual ulceration. (Argenzio and Eismann 1987; Nadeau et al. 2003a,b)

*'''Hydrochloric acid''' damages the squamous mucosa by compromising the outer cell barrier.  It then diffuses into the squamous cells of the ''stratum spinosum'', inhibiting cellular sodium transport and causing cell swelling, necrosis and eventual ulceration. (Argenzio and Eismann 1987; Nadeau et al. 2003a,b)

*'''Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)''' (acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids) are lipid soluble.  They readily diffuse into the squamous mucosal cells of the ''stratum spinosum'' causing similar damage to HCl.

*'''Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)''' (acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids) are lipid soluble.  They readily diffuse into the squamous mucosal cells of the ''stratum spinosum'' causing similar damage to HCl.

*'''Lactic acid''' may increase the permeability of the squamous mucosa in the presence of VFAs and/or HCl (Andrews et al. 2008).

*'''Lactic acid''' may play a role in increasing the permeability of the squamous mucosa.<ref>Andrfews, F.M, Buchanan, B.R, Elliott, S.B, Al Jassim, R.A.M, McGowan, C.M, Saxton, A.M (2008) ''In vitro'' effects of hydrochloric and lactic acids on bioelectric properties ofequine gastric squamous mucosa. ''Equine Vet J'', 40:301-305.</ref>

====Extrinsic ulcerogenic factors====

====Extrinsic ulcerogenic factors====