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{{Taxobox

{{Taxobox

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=P. bovicola=

==''P. bovicola''==

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"  

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"  

| Also known as:

| Also known as:

| '''Summer bleeding disease.

| '''Summer bleeding disease<br>Verminous nodules

<br>

'''Verminous nodules

|-

|-

|}

|}

'''Definitive host''': Cattle and buffalos

'''Intermediate host''': Muscid flies.

===Identification===

 

==Identification==

''P. bovicola'' are thin, white worms, ranging between 3-6cm in length.

''P. bovicola'' are thin, white worms, ranging between 3-6cm in length.

==Life Cycle==

===Life Cycle===

This parasite is of the superfamily [[Filarioidea]]. The life cycle of ''P. bovicola'' is indirect. The eggs hatch on the surface of the host. These eggs are ingested by the flies acting as intermediate hosts.  Larvae develop and transform into infective L3.  The flies then feed on the host, and the larvae are past onto the host. The larvae then enter the skin of the host, and develop into adults subcutaneously.   

This parasite is of the superfamily [[Filarioidea]]. The life cycle of ''P. bovicola'' is indirect. The eggs hatch on the surface of the host. These eggs are ingested by the flies acting as intermediate hosts.  Larvae develop and transform into infective L3.  The flies then feed on the host, and the larvae are past onto the host. The larvae then enter the skin of the host, and develop into adults subcutaneously.   

The prepatent period of ''P. bovicola'' is 7-9 months.

The prepatent period of ''P. bovicola'' is 7-9 months.

=''P. multipapillosa''=

==''P. multipapillosa''==

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"  

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"  

| Also known as:

| Also known as:

| '''Filaria haemorrhagica

| '''''Filaria haemorrhagica

|-

|-

|}

|}

==Hosts==

===Hosts===

'''Intermediate hosts''': Horn flies.

'''Intermediate hosts''': [[Horn flies]]

'''Definitive host''': Horses and donkeys.

'''Definitive host''': Horses and donkeys

==Identification==

===Identification===

''P. multipapillosa'' are slender white worms, measuring 3-7cm in length.

''P. multipapillosa'' are slender white worms, measuring 3-7cm in length.

==Life Cycle==

===Life Cycle===

The eggs or L1 are ingested by horn flies. The larvae mature into L3 several months later. Infected flies feed on the definitive host. The larvae then attach to the host, and begin to migrate under the skin of the host, where they develop into adults.   

The eggs or L1 are ingested by horn flies. The larvae mature into L3 several months later. Infected flies feed on the definitive host. The larvae then attach to the host, and begin to migrate under the skin of the host, where they develop into adults.   

The prepatent period is 9-12 months.

The prepatent period is 9-12 months.

[[Category:Horse_Nematodes]]

[[Category:Horse_Nematodes]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

[[Category:Expert_Review]]