Changes

*'''Other ailments:''' conditions that produce abdominal pain and/or inappetance are likely to reduce food intake and predipose to gastric ulcers.<ref name="Sandin">Sandin, A, Skidell, J, Haggstrom, J, Nilsson, G (2000) ''Postmortem'' findings of gastric ulcers in Swedish horses older than age one year: a retrospective study of 3715 horses (1924–1996).  ''Equine Vet J'', 32(1):36-42.</ref>  This may be the reason that '''colic''' and other gastrointestinal disorders (especially those resulting in '''delayed gastric emptying''')<ref>Mertz, H.R, Walsh, J.H, (1991) Peptic ulcer pathophysiology.  ''Med Clin North Am'', 75:799-814. In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) 'Diseases of the stomach' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 15.</ref> have been associated with EGUS.<ref>Furr, M.O, Murray, M.J (1989) Treatment of gastric ulcers in horses with histamine type 2 receptor antagonists.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 7:77-79.</ref>  Alternatively, EGUS may be part of a more general gastrointestinal disease complex.<ref name="Vatistas 2">Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref>

*'''Other ailments:''' conditions that produce abdominal pain and/or inappetance are likely to reduce food intake and predipose to gastric ulcers.<ref name="Sandin">Sandin, A, Skidell, J, Haggstrom, J, Nilsson, G (2000) ''Postmortem'' findings of gastric ulcers in Swedish horses older than age one year: a retrospective study of 3715 horses (1924–1996).  ''Equine Vet J'', 32(1):36-42.</ref>  This may be the reason that '''colic''' and other gastrointestinal disorders (especially those resulting in '''delayed gastric emptying''')<ref>Mertz, H.R, Walsh, J.H, (1991) Peptic ulcer pathophysiology.  ''Med Clin North Am'', 75:799-814. In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) 'Diseases of the stomach' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 15.</ref> have been associated with EGUS.<ref>Furr, M.O, Murray, M.J (1989) Treatment of gastric ulcers in horses with histamine type 2 receptor antagonists.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 7:77-79.</ref>  Alternatively, EGUS may be part of a more general gastrointestinal disease complex.<ref name="Vatistas 2">Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref>

*'''NSAIDs:''' as in [[Gastric Ulceration - all species|other species]], NSAIDs have been shown to cause gastric ulcers in horses.  Typically this is associated with high doses or frequent administration of '''phenylbutazone''' or '''flunixin meglumine'''.  However, although there is evidence to the contrary,<ref>Andrews, F.M, Reinemeyer, C.R, Longhofer, S.L (2009) Effects of top-dress formulations of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone on development of gastric ulcers in horses. ''Vet Ther'', 10(3):113-20.</ref>therapeutic doses of NSAIDs may be sufficient to induce EGUS.  Other studies have suggested that suxibuzone causes significantly less ulcerogenic effects than phenylbutazone when administered orally<ref>Monreal, L, Sabatè, D, Segura, D, Mayós, I, Homedes, J (2004) Lower gastric ulcerogenic effect of suxibuzone compared to phenylbutazone when administered orally to horses.  ''Res Vet Sci'', 76:145-149.  In: Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M (2009) ''Science: Overviews'' Equine gastric ulcer syndrome: The continuing conundrum.  ''Equine Vet J'', 41(7):611-615.</ref>and that '''combination treatment''' with phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine may be more risky than phenylbutazone alone.<ref>Reed, S.K, Messer, N.T, Tessman, R.K, Keegan, K.G (2006) Effects of phenylbutazone alone or in combination with flunixin meglumine on blood protein concentrations in horses.  ''Am J Vet Res'', 67:398-402.  In: Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M (2009) ''Science: Overviews'' Equine gastric ulcer syndrome: The continuing conundrum.  ''Equine Vet J'', 41(7):611-615.</ref> The ulcers produced by NSAIDs are unusual in that they have a predilection for the glandular mucosa<ref>MacAllister, C.G, Morgan, S.J, Borne, A.T, Pollet, R.A, (1993) Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses.  ''J Am Vet Med Ass'', 202:71-77.  In: Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref><ref>Furr, M.O, Murray, M.J (1989) Treatment of gastric ulcers in horses with histamine type 2 receptor antagonists.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 7:77-79.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>Kumaran, D, Bhuvanakumar, C.K (1994) Gastro duodenal ulceration in foals - a discussion.  ''Cenfaur Mylapore'', 10:83-86. In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref>, they may look different endoscopically from ulcers that occur naturally,<ref name="Jonsson">Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref> and they appear to heal spontaneously.<ref>Jones, W.E (1983) Gastrointestinal ulcers [foal].  ''Equine Vet Data'', 4:305-308.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>MacAllister, C.G, Sangiah, S (1993) Effect of ranitidine (in healing of experimentally induced gastric ulcers in ponies.  ''Am J Vet Res'', 54:1103-1107.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref> Despite the well-established link bewteen NSAIDs and ulcers, NSAIDs are rarely responsible for the lesions in horses in race training.<ref>Vatistas N.J, Snyder, J.R, Carlson, G.P, Johnson, B, Arther, R.M, Thurmiind, M, Lloyd, K.C.K (1994) Epidemiology study of gastric ulcerarion in the Thoroughbred race horse: 202 horses.  ''Proc Am Ass Equine Pract'', 39:125-126.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>Murray, M.J, Schusser, G.F, Pipers, F.S, Gro:ss, S.J (1996) Factors associated with gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses.  ''Equine Vet J'', 28:368-374.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref name="Vatistas thesis">Vatistas, N.J (1998) Gastric Ulceration in the Racing Thoroughbred.  ''PhD Thesis''.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref>

*'''NSAIDs:''' as in [[Gastric Ulceration - all species|other species]], NSAIDs have been shown to cause gastric ulcers in horses.  Typically this is associated with high doses or frequent administration of '''phenylbutazone''' or '''flunixin meglumine'''.  However, although there is evidence to the contrary,<ref>Andrews, F.M, Reinemeyer, C.R, Longhofer, S.L (2009) Effects of top-dress formulations of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone on development of gastric ulcers in horses. ''Vet Ther'', 10(3):113-20.</ref>therapeutic doses of NSAIDs may be sufficient to induce EGUS.  Other studies have suggested that suxibuzone causes significantly less ulcerogenic effects than phenylbutazone when administered orally<ref>Monreal, L, Sabatè, D, Segura, D, Mayós, I, Homedes, J (2004) Lower gastric ulcerogenic effect of suxibuzone compared to phenylbutazone when administered orally to horses.  ''Res Vet Sci'', 76:145-149.  In: Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M (2009) ''Science: Overviews'' Equine gastric ulcer syndrome: The continuing conundrum.  ''Equine Vet J'', 41(7):611-615.</ref>and that '''combination treatment''' with phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine may be more risky than phenylbutazone alone.<ref>Reed, S.K, Messer, N.T, Tessman, R.K, Keegan, K.G (2006) Effects of phenylbutazone alone or in combination with flunixin meglumine on blood protein concentrations in horses.  ''Am J Vet Res'', 67:398-402.  In: Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M (2009) ''Science: Overviews'' Equine gastric ulcer syndrome: The continuing conundrum.  ''Equine Vet J'', 41(7):611-615.</ref> The ulcers produced by NSAIDs are unusual in that they have a predilection for the glandular mucosa,<ref>MacAllister, C.G, Morgan, S.J, Borne, A.T, Pollet, R.A, (1993) Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses.  ''J Am Vet Med Ass'', 202:71-77.  In: Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref><ref>Furr, M.O, Murray, M.J (1989) Treatment of gastric ulcers in horses with histamine type 2 receptor antagonists.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 7:77-79.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>Kumaran, D, Bhuvanakumar, C.K (1994) Gastro duodenal ulceration in foals - a discussion.  ''Cenfaur Mylapore'', 10:83-86. In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref> they may look different endoscopically from ulcers that occur naturally,<ref name="Jonsson">Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref> and they appear to heal spontaneously.<ref>Jones, W.E (1983) Gastrointestinal ulcers [foal].  ''Equine Vet Data'', 4:305-308.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>MacAllister, C.G, Sangiah, S (1993) Effect of ranitidine (in healing of experimentally induced gastric ulcers in ponies.  ''Am J Vet Res'', 54:1103-1107.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref> Despite the well-established link bewteen NSAIDs and ulcers, NSAIDs are rarely responsible for the lesions in horses in race training.<ref>Vatistas N.J, Snyder, J.R, Carlson, G.P, Johnson, B, Arther, R.M, Thurmiind, M, Lloyd, K.C.K (1994) Epidemiology study of gastric ulcerarion in the Thoroughbred race horse: 202 horses.  ''Proc Am Ass Equine Pract'', 39:125-126.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref>Murray, M.J, Schusser, G.F, Pipers, F.S, Gro:ss, S.J (1996) Factors associated with gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses.  ''Equine Vet J'', 28:368-374.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref><ref name="Vatistas thesis">Vatistas, N.J (1998) Gastric Ulceration in the Racing Thoroughbred.  ''PhD Thesis''.  In: Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref>

*'''Temperament:''' a nervous disposition has been linked with gastric ulcers<ref>McClure, S.R, Glickman, L.T, Glickman, N.W (1999) Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses.  ''J Am Vet Med Ass 215:1130-1133.  In: In: Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref>but the same association was not seen in another study.<ref>Vatistas, N.J, Snyder, J.R, Carlson, G, Johnson, B, Arthur, R.M, Thurmond, M, Zhou, H, Lloyd, L.K (1999) Cross-sectional study of gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in Thoroughbred racehorses.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:34-39.  In: Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref>   

*'''Temperament:''' a nervous disposition has been linked with gastric ulcers<ref>McClure, S.R, Glickman, L.T, Glickman, N.W (1999) Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses.  ''J Am Vet Med Ass 215:1130-1133.  In: In: Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref>but the same association was not seen in another study.<ref>Vatistas, N.J, Snyder, J.R, Carlson, G, Johnson, B, Arthur, R.M, Thurmond, M, Zhou, H, Lloyd, L.K (1999) Cross-sectional study of gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in Thoroughbred racehorses.  ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:34-39.  In: Jonsson, H, Egenvall, A (2006) Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training.  ''Equine Vet J'', 38(3):209-213.</ref>