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{{review}}

{{Taxobox

{{Taxobox

|name =''Trichuris spp.''

|name =''Trichuris spp.''

|kingdom =Animalia

|kingdom =Animalia

|sub-kingdom =

|sub-kingdom =

|phylum =Nematoda

|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]

|super-class =

|super-class =

|class =Enopla

|class =Enopla

{| cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" border="1"     

{| cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" border="1"     

| Also known as:

| Also known as:

| whipworm

| '''Whipworm

|-

|-

|}

|}

[[Image:Trichuris ovis sheep.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichuris ovis'' from sheep faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]

[[Image:Trichuris ovis sheep.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichuris ovis'' from sheep faeces - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]

[[Image:Trichuris ovis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichuris ovis'' in caecum - Supplied by Biomed Image Archive]]

[[Image:Trichuris ovis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichuris ovis'' in caecum - Supplied by Biomed Image Archive]]

==Overview ==

==Overview ==

The ''Trichuris'' worms, part of the Trichuroidea superfamily, are so called due to their characteristic whip like structure. They have a broad posterior end tapering to a long and narrow neck which is inserted into the caecal mucosa. They have a direct life cycle, moving directly into the definitive host from the infective L1 egg stage. Once ingested the larva is freed from the egg casing due to digestion of the plugs at either end of the egg. The larvae then form mucosal nodules in which to develop before emerging into the lumen of the large intestine and caecum of the host.

The ''Trichuris'' worms, part of the Trichuroidea superfamily, are so called due to their characteristic whip like structure. They have a broad posterior end tapering to a long and narrow neck which is inserted into the caecal mucosa. They have a direct life cycle, moving directly into the definitive host from the infective L1 egg stage. Once ingested the larva is freed from the egg casing due to digestion of the plugs at either end of the egg. The larvae then form mucosal nodules in which to develop before emerging into the lumen of the large intestine and caecum of the host.

==Characteristics==

==Characteristics==

'''Eggs'''<br/>

'''Eggs'''<br/>

The eggs of '' Trichuris'' species are yellow/brown in colour and are bioperculated (have a plug in each end). They are hardy eggs and in the correct coonditions can survive on pasture for up to 12 years. The ''Trichuris'' embryo develops inside the egg and is infective as the 1st larval stage living within the egg.<br/>

The eggs of '' Trichuris'' species are yellow/brown in colour and are bioperculated (have a plug in each end). They are hardy eggs and in the correct conditions can survive on pasture for up to 12 years. The ''Trichuris'' embryo develops inside the egg and is infective as the 1st larval stage living within the egg.<br/>

'''Larvae'''<br/>

'''Larvae'''<br/>

Hatch from the egg into the small intestine and there grow and moult until the reach adulthood.<br/>

Hatch from the egg into the small intestine and there grow and moult until the reach adulthood.<br/>

'''Adult''' <br/>

'''Adult''' <br/>

Attach to the mucosa of the large intesitine.<br/>

Attach to the mucosa of the large intestine.<br/>

==Life Cycle==

==Life Cycle==

The life cycle is not a standard nematode life cycle as these species are infective within the egg at a very early stage of embryo development. This means infective eggs can be present on pasture within 10 - 14 days of adult patency. Eggs are transerred to pasture in the feaces of the host animal and then ingested by animals grazing on the pasture; feaco-oral spread. ''Thrichuris spp.'' have no tissue migratory period, living there entire lives in the small and large intestine of the host.

The life cycle is not a standard nematode life cycle as these species are infective within the egg at a very early stage of embryo development. This means infective eggs can be present on pasture within 10 - 14 days of adult patency. Eggs are transferred to pasture in the feaces of the host animal and then ingested by animals grazing on the pasture; feaco-oral spread. ''Thrichuris spp.'' have no tissue migratory period, living their entire lives in the small and large intestine of the host.

==Important Species==

==Important Species==

* '''''[[Trichuris suis]]'''''; the pig whipworm

* '''''[[Trichuris suis]]'''''; the pig whipworm

==Pathogenesis==

==Pathogenesis==

Adult worms bury the thin anterior into the intestinal mucosa and feeds on tissue secretions from the damaged cells rather than blood. The invasion of the worm causes [[Eosinophil|eosinophilia]] in the host animal as it mounts an immune response against the worm. The most common clinical signs are:

Adult worms bury the thin anterior into the intestinal mucosa and feeds on tissue secretions from the damaged cells rather than blood. The invasion of the worm causes [[Eosinophilia|eosinophilia]] in the host animal as it mounts an immune response against the worm. The most common clinical signs are:

* Diarrhoea

* Diarrhoea

* [[:Category:Enteritis, Catarrhal|Catarrhal enteritis]]

* [[:Category:Enteritis, Catarrhal|Catarrhal enteritis]]

[[Category:Trichinelloidea]]

[[Category:Trichinelloidea]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_NickJ]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_NickJ]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

[[Category:Expert_Review]]