Changes

===Radiography===

===Radiography===

*'''Plain survey radiographs''' of the abdomen may reveal a radiopaque object or mass within the abdomen.

Plain survey radiographs of the abdomen may reveal a radiopaque object or mass within the abdomen.

*'''Contrast radiography''' in the form of a gastrointestinal barium contrast study may be indicated if plain radiographs are unremarkable.

Contrast radiography in the form of a gastrointestinal barium contrast study may be indicated if plain radiographs are unremarkable.

===Endoscopy===

===Endoscopy===

Small foreign object may be allowed to pass through the gastrointestinal tract if they are very unlikely to damage. However, it is advisable to remove most.

Small foreign object may be allowed to pass through the gastrointestinal tract if they are very unlikely to damage. However, it is advisable to remove most.

*Medical

Medical treatment involves inducing vomiting with apomorphine or hydrogen peroxide in the dog or xylazine in the cat. It must be ensured that the object does not have sharp edges or points that may cause trauma when expelled.

**Induce vomiting with apomorphine or hydrogen peroxide in the dog or xylazine in the cat. It must be ensured that the object does not have sharp edges or points that may cause trauma when expelled.

Surgical treatment, an exploratory laparotomy and gastrostomy may be performed to remove the object in cases where the induction of vomiting is prohibited. This procedure is carried out under general anaesthesia and it is essential to assess the patient's hydration and electrolyte status prior to induction.

Endoscopic removal is also possible and is performed under general anaesthesia. Radiographs should be taken prior to this procedure to ensure that the object is still in the stomach. A flexible endoscope is required together with grasping forceps. If this is unsuccessful, exploratory laporatory and gastrostomy should be performed.

**Exploratory laparotomy and gastrostomy may be performed to remove the object in cases where the induction of vomiting is prohibited. This procedure is carried out under general anaesthesia and it is essential to assess the patient's hydration and electrolyte status prior to induction.

*Endoscopic removal - Performed under general anaesthesia. Radiographs should be taken prior to this procedure to ensure that the object is still in the stomach. A flexible endoscope is required together with grasping forceps. If this is unsuccessful, exploratory laporatory and gastrostomy should be performed.

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

==References==

==References==

*Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Thomas, D. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (1st Edition)''' ''BSAVA''

Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Thomas, D. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (1st Edition)''' ''BSAVA''

*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''

Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Pathology]][[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Pathology]][[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]