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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Causes [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis]]
CH is caused by a nonenveloped DNA virus, canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1), which is antigenically related only to CAV-2 (one of the causes of infectious canine tracheobronchitis, Infectious Tracheobronchitis of Dogs). CAV-1 is resistant to lipid solvents and survives outside the host for weeks or months, but a 1-3% solution of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) is an effective disinfectant.
==Classification==
==Classification==
They are resistant to trypsin and lipid solvents, and moderately resistant on premises.
They are resistant to trypsin and lipid solvents, and moderately resistant on premises.
Figure 13-1. Adenoviridae (70 - 90 nm). Note the fiber proteins protruding from the vertices of the 12 pentons. To view click on figure
Figure 13-1. Adenoviridae (70 - 90 nm). Note the fiber proteins protruding from the vertices of the 12 pentons. To view click on figure
==Hosts==
*Dogs
*Foxes are very susceptible (Fox Encephalitis)
Occurrence
Occurrence
Dogs younger than one year of age are most often affected. The virus also infects wild and captive foxes causing encephalitis, and wolves, coyotes and bears. Other carnivores may sustain subclinical infections. The disease occurs commonly worldwide, but is uncommon where vaccination is practiced.
Dogs younger than one year of age are most often affected. The virus also infects wild and captive foxes causing encephalitis, and wolves, coyotes and bears. Other carnivores may sustain subclinical infections. The disease occurs commonly worldwide, but is uncommon where vaccination is practiced.
Transmission
==Transmission and Epidemiology==
*Transfers '''easily''' via ingesting infected '''urine, feces or respiratory secretions'''
*Can be transferred by handlers, infected surfaces, etc
Infection is by inhalation and ingestion. Spread is by direct and indirect contact.
Infection is by inhalation and ingestion. Spread is by direct and indirect contact.
The virus replicates initially in tonsils and Peyer’s patches producing a viremia with secondary localization and replication in the liver and kidney.
The virus replicates initially in tonsils and Peyer’s patches producing a viremia with secondary localization and replication in the liver and kidney
.
==Disease==
Clinical signs include depression, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and discharges from the nose and eyes. Because of a tendency to bleed, hematomas may be seen in the mouth.
Clinical signs include depression, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and discharges from the nose and eyes. Because of a tendency to bleed, hematomas may be seen in the mouth.
*[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviridae]]
*Usually mild [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]], necrosis of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium, oedema, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
*May cause necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient dogs ([[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|distemper]])
*Can be associated with [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis|kennel cough]] described ab
The principal tissue changes involve the endothelium and hepatic cells. Damaged endothelium results in widespread petechial hemorrhages. The liver may be enlarged or normal in size, but usually is mottled because of focal areas of necrosis.
The principal tissue changes involve the endothelium and hepatic cells. Damaged endothelium results in widespread petechial hemorrhages. The liver may be enlarged or normal in size, but usually is mottled because of focal areas of necrosis.
Microscopically, the most significant changes are found in the liver, where centrolobular necrosis is noted and typical adenoviral inclusion bodies are observed in Kupffer cells and parenchymal cells.
Microscopically, the most significant changes are found in the liver, where centrolobular necrosis is noted and typical adenoviral inclusion bodies are observed in Kupffer cells and parenchymal cells.
Modified live and killed vaccines are used, often in combination with parvovirus and canine distemper antigens. Modified live vaccines induce a longer lasting immunity, but a small percentage of vaccinated dogs may develop ocular or renal lesions.
Modified live and killed vaccines are used, often in combination with parvovirus and canine distemper antigens. Modified live vaccines induce a longer lasting immunity, but a small percentage of vaccinated dogs may develop ocular or renal lesions.
These core canine vaccines were traditionally administered annually but are now, depending on the type of vaccine, often given less frequently.
These core canine vaccines were traditionally administered annually but are now, depending on the type of vaccine, often given less frequently.
[[Image:Adenovirus pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Adenovirus pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Adenovirus pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Adenovirus pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]