Changes

Furthermore, it provides support to the hypothesis that the risk of ileal impaction colic and spasmodic colic thehost IgG(T) response to 12/13 kDa antigens of A. perfoliata increases with tapeworm infection intensity. (Proudman)Changes in weather and feeding practices in the Fall may account for an increased risk of ileal impaction in horses in the southeastern United States at that time of year.(Hanson)

Furthermore, it provides support to the hypothesis that the risk of ileal impaction colic and spasmodic colic thehost IgG(T) response to 12/13 kDa antigens of A. perfoliata increases with tapeworm infection intensity. (Proudman)Changes in weather and feeding practices in the Fall may account for an increased risk of ileal impaction in horses in the southeastern United States at that time of year.(Hanson)

==Aetiology==

==Aetiology==

In the southeastern United States, feeding of sub-optimal Coastal Bermuda hay and lack of administration of the anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate have been implicated as a risk factors.(Little)  It is thought this forage contains a high amount of thin fibres which are prematurely swallowed.  Sudden feed changes may also be a risk (38).  In the UK, infection with the tapeworm [[Anoplocephala|''Anoplocephala perfoliata'']] is an important risk factor.  Data suggests that more than 80% of ileal impactions were associated with serological or faecal evidence of tapeworm infection(39).  Impaction may also develop secondary to spastic contractions of the ileal musculature against ingesta.(Merck)

In the southeastern United States, feeding of sub-optimal Coastal Bermuda hay and lack of administration of the anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate have been implicated as a risk factors.(Little)  It is thought this forage contains a high amount of thin fibres which are prematurely swallowed.  Sudden feed changes may also be a risk (38).  In the UK, infection with the tapeworm [[Anoplocephala|''Anoplocephala perfoliata'']] is an important risk factor.  Data suggests that more than 80% of ileal impactions were associated with serological or faecal evidence of tapeworm infection(39).  Impaction may also develop secondary to spastic contractions of the ileal musculature against ingesta.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref>

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==