Changes

==Aetiology==

==Aetiology==

In the southeastern United States, feeding of sub-optimal Coastal Bermuda hay and lack of administration of the anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate have been implicated as a risk factors.(Little)  It is thought this forage contains a high amount of thin fibres which are prematurely swallowed.  Sudden feed changes may also be a risk (38).  In the UK, infection with the tapeworm [[Anoplocephala|''Anoplocephala perfoliata'']] is an important risk factor.  Data suggests that more than 80% of ileal impactions were associated with serological or faecal evidence of tapeworm infection(39).  Impaction may also develop secondary to spastic contractions of the ileal musculature against ingesta.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref>

In the southeastern United States, feeding of poor quality coastal Bermuda hay and lack of administration of the anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate have been implicated as a risk factors.<ref>Little, D, Blikslager, A.T (2002) Factors associated with development of ileal impaction in horses with surgical colic:78 cases (1986-2000).  ''Equine Vet J'' 34(5):464-8.</ref> It is proposed that when this forage has a high fibre content, it consists of a high proportion of thin fibres which are prematurely swallowed.(Bliks) Sudden feed changes may also contribute.<ref>Parks, A.H.A, Allen, D (1998) ''The purported role of coastal Bermuda hay in the etiology of ileal impactions: results of a questionnaire (abstract), 6th Equine Colic Research Symposium'', University of Georgia, p37. In:</ref> In the UK, infection with the tapeworm [[Anoplocephala|''Anoplocephala perfoliata'']] is an important risk factor.  Data suggests that more than 80% of ileal impactions were associated with serological or faecal evidence of tapeworm infection.<ref>Proudman, C.J, French, N.P, Trees, A.J (1998) Tapeworm infection is a significant risk factor for spasmodic colic and ileal impaction colic in the horse.  ''Equine Vet J'', 30:194-199.</ref> ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' infects up to 60% of horses in some geographical areas and has also been implicated as a risk factor for bowel irritation and spasmodic colic.<ref>Kania, S.A, Reinemeyer, C.R (2005) ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' coproantigen detection: a preliminary study.  ''Vet Parasitol'', 127(2):115-9.</ref>Impaction may also develop secondary to spastic contractions of the ileal musculature against ingesta.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref>

 

''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' infects up to 60% of horses in some geographical areas and has been implicated as a risk factor for bowel irritation, ileal impaction, and spasmodic colic.<ref>Kania, S.A, Reinemeyer, C.R (2005) ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' coproantigen detection: a preliminary study.  ''Vet Parasitol'', 127(2):115-9.</ref>

Furthermore, it provides support to the hypothesis that the risk of ileal impaction colic and spasmodic colic thehost IgG(T) response to 12/13 kDa antigens of A. perfoliata increases with tapeworm infection intensity. (Proudman)

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==