Changes

*'''Primary causes:''' [[Gastric Impaction - Horse|gastric impaction]], food engorgement, excessive water intake after exercise, aerophagia, ''[[Gasterophilus spp.|Gasterophilus]]'' infestation and [[Habronema and Draschia spp.|habrenomiasis]].<ref name="Camp">Campbell-Thompson, M.L, Merritt, A.M (1999) Alimentary system: diseases of the stomach.  In Colahan, P.T, Mayhew, I.G, Merritt, A.M, Moore, J.N ''Equine medicine and surgery'', St Louis, Mosby, pp 699-715.  In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref><ref name="Todhunter">Todhunter, R.J, Erb, H.N, Roth, L (1986) Gastric rupture in horses: a review of 54 cases. ''Equine Vet J'', 30:344-348.</ref>  Excessive consumption of fermentable feeds (grains, lush grass, and beet pulp) causes a large increase in the production of volatile fatty acids which is thought to delay gastric emptying.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref>

*'''Primary causes:''' [[Gastric Impaction - Horse|gastric impaction]], food engorgement, excessive water intake after exercise, aerophagia, ''[[Gasterophilus spp.|Gasterophilus]]'' infestation and [[Habronema and Draschia spp.|habrenomiasis]].<ref name="Camp">Campbell-Thompson, M.L, Merritt, A.M (1999) Alimentary system: diseases of the stomach.  In Colahan, P.T, Mayhew, I.G, Merritt, A.M, Moore, J.N ''Equine medicine and surgery'', St Louis, Mosby, pp 699-715.  In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref><ref name="Todhunter">Todhunter, R.J, Erb, H.N, Roth, L (1986) Gastric rupture in horses: a review of 54 cases. ''Equine Vet J'', 30:344-348.</ref>  Excessive consumption of fermentable feeds (grains, lush grass, and beet pulp) causes a large increase in the production of volatile fatty acids which is thought to delay gastric emptying.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref>

*'''Secondary causes:''' primary intestinal ileus or small or large intestinal obstruction.  Dilation resulting from small intestinal obstruction is the most common cause.  Fluid from the obstructed small intestine accumulates in the stomach, causing [[Colic Diagnosis - Naso-gastric Intubation|naso-gastric reflux]].  Gastric dilation may also occur with certain colonic displacements, especially '''right dorsal displacement of the colon''' around the caecum.  It is hypothesised that the displaced colon obstructs duodenal outflow.  Gastric fluid accumulation is also characteristic of '''proximal enteritis-jejunitis'''.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref>

*'''Secondary causes:''' primary intestinal ileus or small or large intestinal obstruction.  Dilation resulting from small intestinal obstruction is the most common cause.  Fluid from the obstructed small intestine accumulates in the stomach, causing [[Colic Diagnosis - Naso-gastric Intubation|nasogastric reflux]].  Gastric dilation may also occur with certain colonic displacements, especially '''right dorsal displacement of the colon''' around the caecum.  It is hypothesised that the displaced colon obstructs duodenal outflow.  Gastric fluid accumulation is also characteristic of '''proximal enteritis-jejunitis'''.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref>

Untreated, gastric dilation can rapidly lead to '''gastric rupture''' whereby the stomach usually tears along its greater curvature.  It has been proposed that the '''seromuscularis''' weakens and tears before the gastric mucosa.<ref name="Todhunter">Todhunter, R.J, Erb, H.N, Roth, L (1986) Gastric rupture in horses: a review of 54 cases. ''Equine Vet J'', 30:344-348.</ref><ref name="Kiper">Kiper, M.L, Traub-Dargatz, J, Curtis, C.R (1990) Gastric rupture in horses: 50 cases (1979-1987), ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 196:333-336.  In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref>  Most cases of rupture occur secondary to mechanical obstruction, ileus, and trauma.  The rest are due to overload or idiopathic causes.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref>  Rupture can occur secondary to [[Gastric Ulceration - Horse|gastric ulceration]], in which case full-thickness tearing usually occurs in all layers of the gastric wall.<ref name="Sanchez">Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref>  Certain '''risk factors''' have been identified for gastric rupture<ref name="Todhunter">Todhunter, R.J, Erb, H.N, Roth, L (1986) Gastric rupture in horses: a review of 54 cases. ''Equine Vet J'', 30:344-348.</ref><ref name="Kiper">Kiper, M.L, Traub-Dargatz, J, Curtis, C.R (1990) Gastric rupture in horses: 50 cases (1979-1987), ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 196:333-336.  In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref> including:

Untreated, gastric dilation can rapidly lead to '''gastric rupture''' whereby the stomach usually tears along its greater curvature.  It has been proposed that the '''seromuscularis''' weakens and tears before the gastric mucosa.<ref name="Todhunter">Todhunter, R.J, Erb, H.N, Roth, L (1986) Gastric rupture in horses: a review of 54 cases. ''Equine Vet J'', 30:344-348.</ref><ref name="Kiper">Kiper, M.L, Traub-Dargatz, J, Curtis, C.R (1990) Gastric rupture in horses: 50 cases (1979-1987), ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 196:333-336.  In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref>  Most cases of rupture occur secondary to mechanical obstruction, ileus, and trauma.  The rest are due to overload or idiopathic causes.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref>  Rupture can occur secondary to [[Gastric Ulceration - Horse|gastric ulceration]], in which case full-thickness tearing usually occurs in all layers of the gastric wall.<ref name="Sanchez">Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref>  Certain '''risk factors''' have been identified for gastric rupture<ref name="Todhunter">Todhunter, R.J, Erb, H.N, Roth, L (1986) Gastric rupture in horses: a review of 54 cases. ''Equine Vet J'', 30:344-348.</ref><ref name="Kiper">Kiper, M.L, Traub-Dargatz, J, Curtis, C.R (1990) Gastric rupture in horses: 50 cases (1979-1987), ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 196:333-336.  In: Sanchez, L.C (2010) ''Other Disorders of the Stomach'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 15.</ref> including: