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| Demonstration of antibodies in serum, aqueous humour or CSF is indicative of exposure to ''T. gondii'', but does not necessarily show active infection. This could be overcome by testing for ''T. gondii'' antigen or immune complexes, but these methods are currently only available to researchers. Several techniques are commercially available for detection of antibody, including ELISA, | | Demonstration of antibodies in serum, aqueous humour or CSF is indicative of exposure to ''T. gondii'', but does not necessarily show active infection. This could be overcome by testing for ''T. gondii'' antigen or immune complexes, but these methods are currently only available to researchers. Several techniques are commercially available for detection of antibody, including ELISA, |
− | immunofluorescent antibody testing, western blot immunoassay, Sabin-Feldmann dye test, and agglutination tests. Although these tests are theoretically able to detect all classes of immunoglobulin against ''Toxoplasma gondii'' in many species, it seems that feline serum positive for IgM only often reads as a false negative<sup>5, 6</sup> | + | immunofluorescent antibody testing, western blot immunoassay, Sabin-Feldmann dye test, and agglutination tests. Although these tests are theoretically able to detect all classes of immunoglobulin against ''Toxoplasma gondii'' in many species, it seems that feline serum positive for IgM only often reads as a false negative<sup>5, 6</sup> and so careful interpretation is necessary, particularly since the IgM antibody class appears to correlate more closely to clinical disease than IgG<sup>7</sup>. |
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− | A latex agglutination assay and an indirect haemagglutination
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− | assay are also available commercially. These
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− | assays, which can be used with serum from multiple
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− | species, theoretically detect all classes of immunoglobulin
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− | directed against T gondii. However, these assays rarely
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− | detect antibody in feline serum samples positive only for
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− | IgM (Lappin 1996, Dubey and Lappin 1998). A combination
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− | of modified agglutination tests using formalin-fixed
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− | and acetone-fixed tachyzoites can be used to accurately
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− | predict recent infection, but the assays are not commercially
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− | available.
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− | Using ELISA, approximately 80 per cent of healthy,
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− | experimentally infected cats have detectable T gondiispecific
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− | IgM in serum within two to four weeks of inoculation
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− | with T gondii; the titres are generally negative
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− | again by 16 weeks post-infection. Persistent IgM titres
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− | (>16 weeks) have been documented commonly in cats
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− | coinfected with FIV and in cats with ocular toxoplasmosis.
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− | In some chronically infected cats, IgM can be detected
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− | again after repeat inoculation with T gondii, primary
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− | inoculation with the Petaluma isolate of FIV, and administration
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− | of glucocorticoids. Because of these findings,
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− | IgM titres cannot accurately predict when a cat is
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− | InPractice i NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1999 583
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− | shedding oocysts or if a cat has clinical toxoplasmosis.
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− | However, detectable IgM titres were present in the
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− | serum of 93-3 per cent of cats in one study of clinical
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− | toxoplasmosis, while IgG titres were only detected in
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− | 60 per cent (Lappin and others 1989). Hence, the IgM
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− | antibody class appears to correlate more closely to clinical
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− | disease than IgG.
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| T gondii-specific IgG can be detected by ELISA in | | T gondii-specific IgG can be detected by ELISA in |
| serum in the majority of healthy, experimentally inoculated | | serum in the majority of healthy, experimentally inoculated |