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*Leading to cell and tissue damage  
 
*Leading to cell and tissue damage  
 
*It involves normal immune mechanisms directed towards harmless environmental antigens (ie. allergy) or directed at self antigens (ie. autoimmunity)
 
*It involves normal immune mechanisms directed towards harmless environmental antigens (ie. allergy) or directed at self antigens (ie. autoimmunity)
|l1=Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Introduction
+
|l1=Hypersensitivity - Introduction
 
|q2=Which two scientists proposed the mechanism for distinguishing between the different types of hypersensitivity reactions?
 
|q2=Which two scientists proposed the mechanism for distinguishing between the different types of hypersensitivity reactions?
 
|a2=Gell and Coombs
 
|a2=Gell and Coombs
|l2=Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Introduction
+
|l2=Hypersensitivity - Introduction
 
|q3=Complete the following sentences
 
|q3=Complete the following sentences
 
<p>Types I, II and III hypersensitivity are ??? reactions. Type IV hypersensitivity is a ??? reaction. </p>
 
<p>Types I, II and III hypersensitivity are ??? reactions. Type IV hypersensitivity is a ??? reaction. </p>
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*antibody mediated
 
*antibody mediated
 
*cell mediated
 
*cell mediated
|l3=Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Classification
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|l3=Hypersensitivity - Introduction#Classification
 
</FlashCard>
 
</FlashCard>
 
===Type I Hypersensitivity===
 
===Type I Hypersensitivity===
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*Anaphylactic-mediated
 
*Anaphylactic-mediated
 
*IgE-mediated  
 
*IgE-mediated  
|l1=Type I Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Introduction
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|l1=Type I Hypersensitivity
 
|q2=What is the name of antigens which cause type I hypersensitivity?
 
|q2=What is the name of antigens which cause type I hypersensitivity?
 
|a2=Allergens  
 
|a2=Allergens  
|l2=Type I Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Introduction
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|l2=Type I Hypersensitivity#Introduction
 
|q3=Name some common allergens which cause a type I hypersensitivity reaction
 
|q3=Name some common allergens which cause a type I hypersensitivity reaction
 
|a3=
 
|a3=
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*Proteins
 
*Proteins
 
*Insect products
 
*Insect products
|l3=Type I Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Common allergens which elict a type I hypersensitivity reaction:
+
|l3=Type I Hypersensitivity#Common allergens which elict a type I hypersensitivity reaction:
 
|q4=Mast cells are caused to degranulate releasing cytokines. What affects do these cytokines have on the infected area?
 
|q4=Mast cells are caused to degranulate releasing cytokines. What affects do these cytokines have on the infected area?
 
|a4=
 
|a4=
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*Chemoattractants cause the influx of [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]], basophils, [[[[Monocytes|monocytes]]]] and plasma
 
*Chemoattractants cause the influx of [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]], basophils, [[[[Monocytes|monocytes]]]] and plasma
 
*Vasoactive and inflammatory peptides cause the contraction of smooth muscle fibres
 
*Vasoactive and inflammatory peptides cause the contraction of smooth muscle fibres
|l4=Type I Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Mechanism
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|l4=Type I Hypersensitivity#Mechanism
 
|q5=Name some examples of type I hypsensitivity reactions
 
|q5=Name some examples of type I hypsensitivity reactions
 
|a5=
 
|a5=
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*Atopy
 
*Atopy
 
*Flea allergic dermatitis  
 
*Flea allergic dermatitis  
|l5=Type I Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Examples of Type I hypersensitivity
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|l5=Type I Hypersensitivity#Examples of Type I hypersensitivity
 
</FlashCard>
 
</FlashCard>
 
===Type II Hypersensitivity===
 
===Type II Hypersensitivity===
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*[[IgM]]  
 
*[[IgM]]  
 
*Fixed antigens
 
*Fixed antigens
|l1=Type II Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Introduction
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|l1=Type II Hypersensitivity#Introduction
 
|q2=What is the main mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions?
 
|q2=What is the main mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions?
 
|a2=Neutralisation blockage of receptors
 
|a2=Neutralisation blockage of receptors
|l2=Type II Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Mechanism
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|l2=Type II Hypersensitivity#Mechanism
 
|q3=Which immunological processes does the type II reaction use to destroy target cells? Give examples for each process?
 
|q3=Which immunological processes does the type II reaction use to destroy target cells? Give examples for each process?
 
|a3=
 
|a3=
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**Feline infectious anaemia
 
**Feline infectious anaemia
 
*Phagocytosis
 
*Phagocytosis
|l3=Type II Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Introduction
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|l3=Type II Hypersensitivity#Introduction
 
</FlashCard>
 
</FlashCard>
 
===Type III Hypersensitivity===
 
===Type III Hypersensitivity===
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*IgG
 
*IgG
 
*Soluble antigens  
 
*Soluble antigens  
|l1=Type III Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Introduction
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|l1=Type III Hypersensitivity#Introduction
 
|q2=What does inhaling antigen locally lead to?
 
|q2=What does inhaling antigen locally lead to?
 
|a2=Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
 
|a2=Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
|l2=Type III Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Location of the immune complexes:
+
|l2=Type III Hypersensitivity#Location of the immune complexes:
 
|q3=What other conditions can be caused by a local type III hypersensitivity response?
 
|q3=What other conditions can be caused by a local type III hypersensitivity response?
 
|a3=
 
|a3=
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*Vasculitis
 
*Vasculitis
 
*Acute inflammation
 
*Acute inflammation
|l3=Type III Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Location of the immune complexes:
+
|l3=Type III Hypersensitivity#Location of the immune complexes:
 
|q4=What general effects does increased levels of systemic antigen have?
 
|q4=What general effects does increased levels of systemic antigen have?
 
|a4=
 
|a4=
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*Neutropaenia
 
*Neutropaenia
 
*Proteinurea  
 
*Proteinurea  
|l4=Type III Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Location of the immune complexes:
+
|l4=Type III Hypersensitivity#Location of the immune complexes:
 
|q5=Give an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction where the antigen is a self antigen
 
|q5=Give an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction where the antigen is a self antigen
 
|a5=Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
 
|a5=Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
|l5=Type III Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Location of the immune complexes:
+
|l5=Type III Hypersensitivity#Location of the immune complexes:
 
</FlashCard>
 
</FlashCard>
 
===Type IV Hypersensitivity===
 
===Type IV Hypersensitivity===
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|q1=What is type IV hypersensitivity also known as?
 
|q1=What is type IV hypersensitivity also known as?
 
|a1=Delayed-type hypersensitivity
 
|a1=Delayed-type hypersensitivity
|l1=Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Introduction
+
|l1=Type IV Hypersensitivity#Introduction
 
|q2=What effects do a CD4+ helper cell hypersensitivity response have?
 
|q2=What effects do a CD4+ helper cell hypersensitivity response have?
 
|a2=
 
|a2=
 
*Abnormal macrophage activation
 
*Abnormal macrophage activation
 
*Macrophage production of inflammatory mediators and MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)
 
*Macrophage production of inflammatory mediators and MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)
|l2=Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Introduction
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|l2=Type IV Hypersensitivity#Introduction
 
|q3=What effect does a CD8+ cytotoxic hypersensitivity response have?
 
|q3=What effect does a CD8+ cytotoxic hypersensitivity response have?
 
|a3=Destruction of normal cells
 
|a3=Destruction of normal cells
|l3=Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#Introduction
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|l3=Type IV Hypersensitivity#Introduction
 
|q4=What are the two types of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
 
|q4=What are the two types of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
 
|a4=
 
|a4=
 
*Contact
 
*Contact
 
*Granulomatous
 
*Granulomatous
|l4=Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#2 types:
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|l4=Type IV Hypersensitivity#2 types:
 
|q5=What are the main cells involved in contact dermatitis?
 
|q5=What are the main cells involved in contact dermatitis?
 
|a5=Mononuclear cells
 
|a5=Mononuclear cells
|l5=Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#1. Contact
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|l5=Type IV Hypersensitivity#1. Contact
 
|q6=Give two examples of infections causing a granulomatous response
 
|q6=Give two examples of infections causing a granulomatous response
 
|a6=
 
|a6=
 
*Mycobacterium tubercle
 
*Mycobacterium tubercle
 
*Schistosome eggs
 
*Schistosome eggs
|l6=Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#2. Granulomatous
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|l6=Type IV Hypersensitivity#2. Granulomatous
 
|q7=What is the tuberculin test?
 
|q7=What is the tuberculin test?
 
|a7=
 
|a7=
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*Injection of intradermal antigen into the skin
 
*Injection of intradermal antigen into the skin
 
*A skin reaction (infiltration of lymphocytes and [[[[Monocytes|monocytes]]]]) peaking at 48-72 hours indicates prior exposure to the antigen or ongoing infection
 
*A skin reaction (infiltration of lymphocytes and [[[[Monocytes|monocytes]]]]) peaking at 48-72 hours indicates prior exposure to the antigen or ongoing infection
|l7=Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood#2. Granulomatous
+
|l7=Type IV Hypersensitivity#2. Granulomatous
 
</FlashCard>
 
</FlashCard>
  
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