Changes

==Overview==

==Overview==

''Cooperia spp.'' are largely considered mild pathogens however there are a few species that are of greater veterinary importance, namely; ''C. punctata'' and ''C. pectinata''. These species are pariste of cattle and small ruminants and most species of this genus prefer warmer climates.

''Cooperia spp.'' are largely considered mild pathogens however there are a few species that are of greater veterinary importance, namely; ''C. punctata'' and ''C. pectinata''. These species are parasites of cattle and small ruminants and most species of this genus prefer warmer climates.

==Identification==

==Identification==

''Cooperia'' worms have a distinctive red colouration and a coiled appearance. The adults are between 5-8mm in length and males can be recognised by the presence of a dipropotionately large bursa at the anterior end. The males also have paired spicules close to the bursa. The worms have 16 gut cells and a square ended anterior in the females, containing refractile bodies. The tail end of the ''Cooperia'' species has one of two forms dependant on the species, in those like ''C. oncophora'' the tail tapers to a point where as in those resmbling ''C. curticei'' the sheath tip is finely pointed and contains refractile bodies. Eggs can usually be identified under microsscopic examination due to the almost parallel walls of the egg.

''Cooperia'' worms have a distinctive red colouration and a coiled appearance. The adults are between 5-8mm in length and males can be recognised by the presence of a disproportionately large bursa at the anterior end. The males also have paired spicules close to the bursa. The worms have 16 gut cells and a square ended anterior in the females, containing refractile bodies. The tail end of the ''Cooperia'' species has one of two forms dependent on the species, in those like ''C. oncophora'' the tail tapers to a point where as in those resembling ''C. curticei'' the sheath tip is finely pointed and contains refractile bodies. Eggs can usually be identified under microscopic examination due to the almost parallel walls of the egg.

==Life Cycle==

==Life Cycle==

''Cooperia spp.'' have a typical [[Trichostrongyloidea - Overview|trichostrongylid]] life cycle with the exception that they do not feed on blood. Once ingested the larvae penetrate the mucosa of the proximal third of the small intestine where they will remain into adulthood. Hyobiosis plays a major role in the life cycle of these species as with other trichostrongylids with the emergence of L4 larvae in the spring following infection the previous year. The prepatent period for infection without hypobiosis is 12 to 15 days but may be 3 - 5 months if larvae become arrested at the early L4 stage.

''Cooperia spp.'' have a typical [[Trichostrongyloidea - Overview|trichostrongylid]] life cycle with the exception that they do not feed on blood. Once ingested the larvae penetrate the mucosa of the proximal third of the small intestine where they will remain into adulthood. Hypobiosis plays a major role in the life cycle of these species as with other trichostrongylids with the emergence of L4 larvae in the spring following infection the previous year. The prepatent period for infection without hypobiosis is 12 to 15 days but may be 3 - 5 months if larvae become arrested at the early L4 stage.

==Epidemiology==

==Epidemiology==

==Pathogenesis==

==Pathogenesis==

Large parasite burdens of ''C. punctata'' and ''C. pectinata'' can cause severe diarrhoea, anorexia and emaciation without the presence of anaemia as they do not feed on the hosts blood. Other species are considered mild pathogens but will also cause poor weight gain and productivity. These species are often present as secondary pathogens after infection with more pathogenic ''[[Ostertagia]]'' and ''[[Haemonchus]]'' species. The normal diagnostic techniques for identifying gastrointestinal nematodes may be used, mucosal scrapings of the proximal small intestine may be particularly useful. Scrapings may reveal fine lace like regions of necrosis and congestion of the mucosa.

Large parasite burdens of ''C. punctata'' and ''C. pectinata'' can cause severe diarrhoea, anorexia and emaciation without the presence of anaemia as they do not feed on the hosts' blood. Other species are considered mild pathogens but will also cause poor weight gain and productivity. These species are often present as secondary pathogens after infection with more pathogenic ''[[Ostertagia]]'' and ''[[Haemonchus]]'' species. The normal diagnostic techniques for identifying gastrointestinal nematodes may be used, mucosal scrapings of the proximal small intestine may be particularly useful. Scrapings may reveal fine lace like regions of necrosis and congestion of the mucosa.

[[Category:To_Do_-_NickJ]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_NickJ]][[Category:Cattle Parasites]][[Category:Goat Parasites]][[Category:Sheep Parasites]]

[[Category:Trichostrongyloidea]]

[[Category:Trichostrongyloidea]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]