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Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity (view source)
Revision as of 15:27, 23 August 2010
, 15:27, 23 August 2010→Treatment
to intravenous administration have been reported in the dog intramuscular route is preferable.
to intravenous administration have been reported in the dog intramuscular route is preferable.
*Give a whole blood transfusion - this replaces the clotting factors as well as replacing blood loss through haemorrhage.
*Give a whole blood transfusion - this replaces the clotting factors as well as replacing blood loss through haemorrhage.
Vitamin K1 is antidotal. Recommended dosages vary from 0.25-2.5 mg/kg in warfarin (coumarin) exposure, to 2.5-5 mg/kg in the case of long-acting rodenticide intoxication (diphacinone, brodifacoum, bromadiolone). Vitamin K1 is administered SC (with the smallest possible needle to minimize hemorrhage) in several locations to speed absorption. IV administration of vitamin K1 is contraindicated, as anaphylaxis may occasionally result. The oral form of K1 may be used daily after the first day, commonly at the same level as the loading dose (divided bid). Fresh or frozen plasma (9 mL/kg) or whole blood (20 mL/kg) IV is required to replace needed clotting factors and RBC if bleeding is severe. One week of vitamin K1 treatment is usually sufficient for first-generation anticoagulants. For intermediate and second-generation anticoagulants or if anticoagulant type is unknown, treatment should continue for 2-4 wk to control longterm effects. Administration of oral vitamin K1 with a fat-containing ration, such as canned dog food, increases its bioavailability 4-5 times as compared with vitamin K1 given PO alone.
Coagulation should be monitored weekly until values remain normal for 5-6 days after cessation of therapy. Vitamin K3 given as a feed supplement is ineffective in the treatment of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis. Additional supportive therapy may be indicated, including thoracocentesis (to relieve dyspnea due to hemothorax) and supplemental oxygen if needed.
==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==