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===Pathology===
===Pathology===
[[Image:pulpy kidney disease.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pulpy kidney disease- histological (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]]
[[Image:pulpy kidney gross.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pulpy kidney disease- gross (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]]
In young lambs, the only change observable on post-mortem examination may be the presence of a few hyperaemic areas on the intestine and a fluid-filled pericardial sac<sup>merck</sup>. Intestinal lesions may even be absent<sup>ivis</sup>. Animals, particularly older ones, may have myocardial haemorrhages as well as petechiation of visceral surfaces and abdominal muscles<sup>vet path, merck, ivis</sup>. Pulmonary oedema and congestion is often present and there may be pleural, peritoneal or pericardial effusions<sup>merk, ivis</sup>.. The fluid is variable in volume and can be straw or red coloured, sometimes containing fibrin clots<sup>ivis</sup>. The kidneys often rapidly autolyse, as suggested by the name "pulpy kidney", but this is not a pathognomic finding.
Neurologic signs are explained by lesions in the central nervous system, which are most specific and diagnostic for the disease. These consist of bilatterally symmetrical focal malacia of the basal ganglia, substantia nigra and thalamus and bilaterally symmetrical demyelination in the internal capsule, subcortical white matter and cerebellar peduncles. The harmful effect of the toxin on endothelium is particularly obvious in the brain. Damaged endothelial cells develop pyknotic nucelei and the vessels become surrounded by oedema. Ultrastructurally, the perivascular astrocyte end-feet are markedly swollen.
Neurologic signs are explained by lesions in the central nervous system, which are most specific and diagnostic for the disease. These consist of bilatterally symmetrical focal malacia of the basal ganglia, substantia nigra and thalamus and bilaterally symmetrical demyelination in the internal capsule, subcortical white matter and cerebellar peduncles. The harmful effect of the toxin on endothelium is particularly obvious in the brain. Damaged endothelial cells develop pyknotic nucelei and the vessels become surrounded by oedema. Ultrastructurally, the perivascular astrocyte end-feet are markedly swollen.
diseases of sheep: a diagnosis can be established by histology of the brain, in which a characteristic focal symmetric encephalomalacia is seen.
diseases of sheep: a diagnosis can be established by histology of the brain, in which a characteristic focal symmetric encephalomalacia is seen.
==Treatment and Control==
==Treatment and Control==