Changes

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Diagnosis is usually based on the characteristic and seasonal appearance of clinical signs combined with a history of exposure to pasture during late spring or summer. Endoscopy may be used in order to evaluate the airways and to examine the presence of inflammation or mucus. A sample of the mucus may be taken in order to perform bacterial culture or cytology. Thoracic radiology is not commonly performed but may reveal an increased bronchointerstitial pattern.

Diagnosis is usually based on the characteristic and seasonal appearance of clinical signs combined with a history of exposure to pasture during late spring or summer. Endoscopy may be used in order to evaluate the airways and to examine the presence of inflammation or mucus. Alternatively a sample of mucous may be obtained via bronchioalveolar lavage which often yields copious mucupurulent material. Cytology usually reveals >25% non-degenerate neutrophils confirming the presence of lower airway inflammation. Curschmann's spirals may also be observed, representing inspissated mucus in the obstucted lower airways.  

Thoracic radiology is not commonly performed but may reveal an increased bronchointerstitial pattern.

==Treatment and management==

==Treatment and management==

In some cases, the response to environmental management may be significant and drug treatment may not be required. In other cases, drug therapy may be required to suffiently manage the clinical signs. Corticosteroids may be administered via nebuslisation using an inhaler in order to allow the maximum concentration of the drug in the respiratory tract, with minimal systemic side effects. This can be combined with a bronchodilator such as clenbuterol. Antibiotics may be required if seconday bacterial infection is present.

In some cases, the response to environmental management may be significant and drug treatment may not be required. In other cases, drug therapy may be required to suffiently manage the clinical signs. Corticosteroids may be administered via nebuslisation using an inhaler in order to allow the maximum concentration of the drug in the respiratory tract, with minimal systemic side effects. This can be combined with a bronchodilator such as clenbuterol. Antibiotics may be required if seconday bacterial infection is present.

==Preventinon==

==Prevention==

==References==

==References==