Changes

==Pathogenesis==

==Pathogenesis==

===Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis===

===Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis===

Although feline neonatal isoerythrolysis (FNA) is rare, the mortality associated with it is high. Cats have two main blood types, type A and type B. Cats with type A red blood cell antigens have weak anti-B antibodies, and cats with type B red blood cell antigens have strong anti-A antibodies. FNI develops when type B blood mothers mate with type A tomcats. FNI affects the type A, kitten, born from a B blood type mother by receiving anti-A antibodies when it ingests maternal colostrum.

Although feline neonatal isoerythrolysis (FNA) is rare, the mortality associated with it is high. Cats have three main blood types, type A, type B and type AB. Cats with type A red blood cell antigens have weak anti-B antibodies, and cats with type B red blood cell antigens have strong anti-A antibodies. FNI develops when type B blood mothers mate with type A tomcats. FNI affects the type A (and rarely the type AB) kitten born from a type B mother following ingestion of maternal colostrum containint anti-A antibodies.  

===Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis===

===Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis===

A blood transfusion should be considered if the anaemia is severe (PCV less than 15%) or the foal is weak and shocked. The best donor of blood for transfusion is the dam, but this means that the serum containing the alloantibodies must be removed ('washing' of the red blood cells). This is achieved by mixing the mare's blood with saline and performing repeated centrifugation. If washed red blood cells from the mare are not available, blood from an acceptable blood-typed donor horse may be used.  

A blood transfusion should be considered if the anaemia is severe (PCV less than 15%) or the foal is weak and shocked. The best donor of blood for transfusion is the dam, but this means that the serum containing the alloantibodies must be removed ('washing' of the red blood cells). This is achieved by mixing the mare's blood with saline and performing repeated centrifugation. If washed red blood cells from the mare are not available, blood from an acceptable blood-typed donor horse may be used.  

Affected kittens should be removed from the queen for a period of 24 hours and fed milk replacer or fostered onto a lactating queen with blood type A. After this period, intestinal permeability to antibodies is greatly reduced and the kittens may be returned to the original queen. Supportive management of hypoglycaemia and hypothermia may be necessary. Severely affected kittens may require a blood transfusion, preferably with Oxyglobin if available. If this is not possible, washed type A blood is preferred.

Affected kittens should be removed from the queen for a period of 24 hours and fed milk replacer or fostered onto a lactating queen with blood type A. After this period, intestinal permeability to antibodies is greatly reduced and the kittens may be returned to the original queen. Supportive management of hypoglycaemia and hypothermia may be necessary. Severely affected kittens may require a blood transfusion, preferably with Oxyglobin if available. If this is not possible, washed type A blood is preferred. Intraosseous administration of blood is recommended due to the small size of the patient.  

==Prevention==

==Prevention==

The disease in horses is prevented by ensuring that mares are blood-typed before being mated. Mares who are negative for the blood antigens known for causing disease (primarily Aa, Qa, Qc and Ua) can be matched to stallions who are also negative.  

The disease in horses is prevented by ensuring that mares are blood-typed before being mated. Mares who are negative for the blood antigens known for causing disease (primarily Aa, Qa, Qc and Ua) can be matched to stallions who are also negative. Similarly in cats, the disease is easily prevented if blood typing of cats is beformed prior to breeding.  

==References==

==References==