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[[Image:Pulmonary artery thrombus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Pulmonary artery thrombus'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
[[Image:Pulmonary artery thrombus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Pulmonary artery thrombus'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
==Introduction==
'''''Thrombosis''''' may be due to:
'''''Thrombosis''''' may be due to:
*Endothelial injury.
*Endothelial injury.
*Hypercoagulability.
*Hypercoagulability.
Often associated with other disease processes for example [[Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation|Disseminated intravascular coagulation]].
Often associated with other disease processes such as [[Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation|disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)]].
Commonly see [[Atrial_Thrombosis|posterior paralysis]] of cats with cardiomyopathy.
Commonly see [[Atrial_Thrombosis|posterior paralysis]] of cats with cardiomyopathy.
Spontaneous venous thrombosis is rare. Seen in cattle with traumatic reticulo-peritonitis in the caudal vena cava.
Spontaneous venous thrombosis is rare. Seen in cattle with traumatic reticulo-peritonitis in the caudal vena cava.
[[Image:thrombosis dog nose 2.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Nasal thrombosis (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]]
[[Image:thrombosis dog nose 2.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Nasal thrombosis (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]]
[[Image:DIC thrombus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''DIC thrombus'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
[[Image:DIC thrombus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''DIC thrombus'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
===Description===
===Description===
Thrombosis is a localized or generalized intravascular clot formation. Thrombi form as the result of trauma or pathological processes affecting the blood vessel endothelium or disturbances to blood flow and/or blood composition. Some diseases such as infective endocarditis and heart worm increase the risk of thrombi formation.
Thrombosis is a localized or generalized intravascular clot formation. Thrombi form as the result of trauma or pathological processes affecting the blood vessel endothelium or disturbances to blood flow and/or blood composition. Some diseases such as infective endocarditis and heart worm increase the risk of thrombi formation.
[[Image:thrombosis dog nose.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Nasal thrombosis (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]]
===Diagnosis===
===Diagnosis===
====History & Clinical Signs====
====History & Clinical Signs====
*Signs depend on the area affected and the size of the blocked vessel.
*Signs depend on the area affected and the size of the blocked vessel.
*Poor perfusion below affected area.
*Poor perfusion below affected area.
*Malfunction and necrosis of affected organs
*Malfunction and necrosis of affected organs
====Laboratory Findings====
====Laboratory Findings====
Abnormalities associated with lack of blood perfusion and/or pathological conditions.
Abnormalities associated with lack of blood perfusion and/or pathological conditions.
[[Image:sarcoma embolus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Sarcoma embolus (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]]
====Ultrasonography====
====Ultrasonography====
*Blood stasis
*Blood stasis
*Visualization of a thrombus
*Visualization of a thrombus
====Angiography====
====Angiography====
*May show lack of opacity in affected region
*May show lack of opacity in affected region
==Treatment==
-Treat underlying problem
-Treat underlying problem
-Give IV Fluids
-Use an anticoagulant (Heparin for short term treatment, Aspirin for long term treatment)
==Prognosis==
-Depends on underlying condition
-Depends on underlying condition
==Pathophysiology==
===Terminology===
=From general pathology=
==Introduction==
* A thrombus is a solid blood clot that forms within the vessels or heart during life.
* A thrombus is a solid blood clot that forms within the vessels or heart during life.
* The process of thrombus formation is known as thrombosis.
* Thrombii may occur anywhere within the cardiovascular system.
===Thrombosis formation===
The process usually begins with platelets becoming sticky. They adhere to each other and to the endothelium. This increased "stickiness" is induced by contact with:
* Collagen
* Basement membrane
* Damaged endothelial cells
* Bacteria
===Appearance of a Thrombus===
===Microscopic Appearance of a Thrombus===
A thrombus is a layered mass which is attached to the vessel wall. The composition consists of red blood cells, [[[[Neutrophils|Neutrophils]] - WikiBlood|neutrophils]] and platelets bound together by fibrin.
Thrombi take different appareance depending on whether they are arterial or venous:
* Arterial thrombi tend to be pale and have a tail in the direction of blood flow. The high rate of blood flow sweeps red cells away - the thrombus is composed of mainly white cells, platelets and fibrin which are left behind.
* Venous thrombi tend to be a darker red. The slow blood flow allows the clot to form quicker which is loosely arranged and contains many red blood cells.
==Causes of Thrombosis==
==Causes of Thrombosis==