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Urine Analysis - Pathology (view source)
Revision as of 18:49, 17 September 2010
, 18:49, 17 September 2010→Urine Assays
====Gross Appearance====
====Gross Appearance====
====Specific Gravity====
====Specific Gravity====
====Urine Assays====
===Urine Dipsticks===
====pH====
In dogs and cats an acidc pH is normal. In the ruminants and horses the opposite is true and the urine is alkali. The pH does however vary with diet and medications as well as in pathological states so this needs to be accounted for. The normal range is 5-9
====Protein====
It is not common to find protein in the urine of normal animals. However it can be normal for small amounts to be found in the urine of dogs with a high specific gravity. Therefore this needs to be taken into account.
====Glucose====
The presence of glucose in the urine is termed glucosuria and occurs when the level of glucose reaches the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|renal threshold]] for glucose reabsorption. It is not normal to find glucose in the urine.
====Ketones====
It is not normal for ketones to be present in the urine and they are indicative of pathological states
====Bilirubin and Urobilinogen====
Small amounts of bilirubin can be found in dogs with concentrated urine therefore this needs to be interpreted in light of the urine specific gravity. However as a rule it is not normal to find bilirubin in urine.
Urobilinogen is formed from bilirubin in the intestine and small quantities are normally found in the urine.
====Blood====
The presence of blood in the urine is not normal and is usually related to a pathological state.
====Microscopic Examination====
====Microscopic Examination====
=====Cellular Deposits=====
=====Cellular Deposits=====