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==Description==

==Description==

==Pathogenesis==

==Pathogenesis==

The main causative agent of hepatic abscessation is ''Fusobacterium necrophorum'', a gram-negative obligate anaerobe and a component of normal rumenal microflora. ''Arcanobacter pyogenes'', Staphylococci and Streptococci have also been associated with the disease. Damage of the wall of the rumen secondary to rumenal acidosis leads to embolisation of bacteria emboli from the inflamed rumen wall. The bacteria enter the hepatic portal system and are transmitted to the liver, leading to bacterial proliferation and abscess formation. Eventually the abscesses may heal via formation of a fibrous scar.

The main causative agent of hepatic abscessation is ''[[Fusobacterium necrophorum]]'', a gram-negative obligate anaerobe and a component of normal rumenal microflora. ''[[Arcanobacter pyogenes]]'', [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|Staphylococci]] and [[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococci]] have also been associated with the disease. Damage of the wall of the rumen secondary to rumenal acidosis leads to bacterial emboli from the inflamed rumenal wall. The bacteria enter the hepatic portal system and are transmitted to the liver, leading to bacterial proliferation and abscess formation. Eventually the abscesses may heal via formation of a fibrous scar.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Ultrasonographic examination of the liver is a valuable diagnostic tool for determing the location and size of the abscesses and for determining a prognosis. Serum biochemistry may reveal a neutrophilic leucocytosis and increased serum globulin and fibrinogen. Other laboratory changes frequently observed include increased GGT, SDH and bilirubin. Occasionally, radiographs may reveal displacement of the diaphragm if the liver abscess is large.  

Ultrasonographic examination of the liver is a valuable diagnostic tool for determining the location and size of the abscesses and prognosis. Serum biochemistry may reveal a neutrophilic leucocytosis and increased serum globulin and fibrinogen. Other laboratory changes frequently observed include increased GGT, SDH and bilirubin. Occasionally, radiographs may reveal displacement of the diaphragm if the liver abscess is large.  

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

==Prevention==

==Prevention==

The main aim of prevention of hepatic abscessation is to control rumen acidosis by feeding a diet that is adequate in roughage. Multiple daily feedings may aid in increasing mastication and saliva production, increasing buffer to the rumen and reducing intrarumenal acidity.

The main aim of prevention of hepatic abscessation is to control rumenal acidosis by feeding a diet that is adequate in roughage. Multiple daily feedings may aid in increasing mastication and saliva production, increasing buffer to the rumen and reducing intrarumenal acidity.

 

 

 

==References==

==References==

*Divers, T. J., Peek, S. F. (2008) '''Rebhun's Diseases of Dairy Cattle''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''

*Divers, T. J., Peek, S. F. (2008) '''Rebhun's Diseases of Dairy Cattle''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''

[[Category:To_Do_-_SophieIgnarski]]

[[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Liver - Inflammatory Pathology]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

[[Category:Expert_Review]]