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[[Image:Main screen.jpg|200px|thumb|right|(Copyright © RVC)]]
[[Image:Main screen.jpg|200px|thumb|right|(Source RVC)]]
[[Image:Xray_liz.jpg|150px|thumb|right|(Copyright © RVC)]]
[[Image:Xray_liz.jpg|150px|thumb|right|(Source RVC)]]
The imaging techniques that are used for other animals can be applied to snakes and lizards; however, normals may not be well described so comparison is an important tool.
The imaging techniques that are used for other animals can be applied to snakes and lizards; however, normals may not be well described so comparison is an important tool.
*Lizards can be radiographed with or without chemical restraint. The oculovagal reflex may be used in iguanids and other lizards may be taped down or radiographed through a box or bag if necessary.
*Lizards can be radiographed with or without chemical restraint. The oculovagal reflex may be used in iguanids and other lizards may be taped down or radiographed through a box or bag if necessary.
*Positioning is very important: standard projection for dorsoventral and horiLizards can be radiographed with or without chemical restraint. The oculovagal reflex may be used in iguanids and other lizards may be taped down or radiographed through a box or bag if necessary.
*Positioning is very important: standard projection for dorsoventral and horiLizards can be radiographed with or without chemical restraint. The oculovagal reflex may be used in iguanids and other lizards may be taped down or radiographed through a box or bag if necessary.
[[Image:Snkeop5.jpg|150px|thumb|right|(Copyright © RVC)]]
[[Image:Snkeop5.jpg|150px|thumb|right|(Source RVC)]]
===Snakes===
===Snakes===
*Positioning is extremely important and snakes should not be radiographed just coiled in a bag. Radiographs of an entire snake can be taken sequentially and are far more useful than a single radiograph of coiled snake. Sequential radiographs can often be performed on a single plate. A small area of overlap should be included on each film. If possible, the lateral views should be included in the same orientation and position as the dorsoventral views.
*Positioning is extremely important and snakes should not be radiographed just coiled in a bag. Radiographs of an entire snake can be taken sequentially and are far more useful than a single radiograph of coiled snake. Sequential radiographs can often be performed on a single plate. A small area of overlap should be included on each film. If possible, the lateral views should be included in the same orientation and position as the dorsoventral views.
*Barium series can be performed on snakes. Radiograph in 15 minutes to assess oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. Continue series for lower gut.
*Barium series can be performed on snakes. Radiograph in 15 minutes to assess oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. Continue series for lower gut.
*Take two views: dorsoventral and lateral. The lateral view is the best for visualising the lung fields and the cardiac silhouette. On the DV view the spine tends to obscure the central portion of the lungs, and almost totally obliterates a clear view of the heart.
*Take two views: dorsoventral and lateral. The lateral view is the best for visualising the lung fields and the cardiac silhouette. On the DV view the spine tends to obscure the central portion of the lungs, and almost totally obliterates a clear view of the heart.
[[Image:Ultrasoundsnake.jpg|150px|thumb|right|(Copyright © RVC)]]
[[Image:Ultrasoundsnake.jpg|150px|thumb|right|(Source RVC)]]
==Ultrasonography==
==Ultrasonography==
Ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic tool and principles for mammals can be applied to reptiles. The main advantage of ultrasonography is in the evaluation of soft tissue organs. The use of ultrasonography is dependent on familiarity with the equipment, knowledge of the normal anatomy of particular species and ability to interpret the images. Minimal information has been published on the use of ultrasound for the diagnosis of diseases, but diagnostic samples and scanning for neoplasia, abscesses and cysts can be routinely performed. [[Ecdysis|Ecdysis]] interferes with ultrasonography.
Ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic tool and principles for mammals can be applied to reptiles. The main advantage of ultrasonography is in the evaluation of soft tissue organs. The use of ultrasonography is dependent on familiarity with the equipment, knowledge of the normal anatomy of particular species and ability to interpret the images. Minimal information has been published on the use of ultrasound for the diagnosis of diseases, but diagnostic samples and scanning for neoplasia, abscesses and cysts can be routinely performed. [[Ecdysis|Ecdysis]] interferes with ultrasonography.
Specific knowledge of the normal anatomy of individual species is important. The absence of an epiglottis facilitates tracheoscopy but the glottis is capable of spasm and can be easily damaged. The air sac and extensive rib cage of snakes means that insufflation is not always necessary. The anatomy of the thin, sac-like, lung means that it can be easily punctured. The long, relatively straight gastrointestinal tract facilitates examination. The vent may permit access to the colon and urinary and reproductive openings.
Specific knowledge of the normal anatomy of individual species is important. The absence of an epiglottis facilitates tracheoscopy but the glottis is capable of spasm and can be easily damaged. The air sac and extensive rib cage of snakes means that insufflation is not always necessary. The anatomy of the thin, sac-like, lung means that it can be easily punctured. The long, relatively straight gastrointestinal tract facilitates examination. The vent may permit access to the colon and urinary and reproductive openings.
==Literature Search==
{{Learning
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?start=0&q=((((subject:(radiography)+OR+subject:(endoscopy)+OR+subject:(coelioscopy)+OR+subject:(ultrasonography)+OR+subject:(ultrasound)+OR+subject:(ECG)+OR+subject:(echocardiography)))+OR+((title:(radiography)+OR+title:(endoscopy)+OR+title:(coelioscopy)+OR+title:(ultrasonography)+OR+title:(ultrasound)+OR+title:(ECG)+OR+title:(echocardiography)))))+AND+((((title:(lizard)+OR+ab:(lizard)+OR+od:(lizards)))+OR+((title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snakes))))) Lizard and Snake Imaging publications]
|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093018983.pdf ''' Snake radiology: the essentials!''' Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 22, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2008, 2008, pp 1772-1774, 3 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073120027.pdf '''Diagnostic imaging of lizards.''' Mitchell, M. A.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 21, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2007, 2007, pp 1590-1591]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121826.pdf '''Reptile radiology: techniques, tips and pathology.''' Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1626-1630, 4 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181633.pdf '''Rigid endoscopy in reptiles: not just for the coelom anymore - an introduction to pneumonoscopy and cloacoscopy.''' Stahl, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 1720-1721, 12 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118400.pdf ''' Is that normal? Clinical cases and standardization of the two-dimensional echocardiographic examination in snakes.''' Schilliger, L.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1807-1809]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118445.pdf ''' Fish, frogs, birds, elephants, and more: laparoscopy of nondomestic species.''' Stetter, M.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1940-1941, 12 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118399.pdf '''From A to Z: how to perform a diagnostic ultrasound examination in reptiles? '''Schilliger, L.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1802-1806, 16 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063186369.pdf '''Use of radiopharmaceuticals for renal imaging in green iguanas (''Iguana iguana'') and corn snakes (''Elaphe guttata guttata'').''' Sykes, J. M., IV; Greer, L. L.; Ramsay, E. C.; Daniel, G. B.; Baer, C. K. ; Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Chester Heights, USA, Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Thirteenth Annual Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 23-27 April, 2006, 2006, pp 55-58, 11 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063240440.pdf '''Ultrasound in reptiles and amphibians.''' Stetter, M.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, The North American Veterinary Conference 2003, Small Animal and Exotics. Orlando, Florida, USA, 18-22 January, 2003, 2003, pp 1232-1233, 10 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063240439.pdf ''' Radiology of reptiles and amphibians.''' Stetter, M.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, The North American Veterinary Conference 2003, Small Animal and Exotics. Orlando, Florida, USA, 18-22 January, 2003, 2003, pp 1231, 6 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121824.pdf '''Reptile diagnostic coelioscopy: a means to a definitive diagnosis.''' Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1619-1623, 5 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121827.pdf ''' Reptile gastrointestinal and respiratory endoscopy: the need to look inside.''' Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1631-1635, 6 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121845.pdf '''Introduction to cloacoscopy in snakes.''' Stahl, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1684, 4 ref.]
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[[Category:Lizard_Diagnostics|I]]
[[Category:Lizard_Diagnostics|I]]
[[Category:Snake Diagnostics]]
[[Category:Snake Diagnostics]]