Changes

* '''Husbandry practices''' - assess temperature, nesting site, rehydration and surrounding environment.

* '''Husbandry practices''' - assess temperature, nesting site, rehydration and surrounding environment.

* '''[[Calcium|Calcium]] and [[Oxytocin|oxytocin]] injections''' - Calcium gluconate is given followed by [[Oxytocin|oxytocin]]. A second dose may be given later if no effects are observed after 1-2 hours. Vasotocin may be more effective.  

* '''[[Calcium - Reptiles|Calcium]] and [[Oxytocin|oxytocin]] injections''' - Calcium gluconate is given followed by [[Oxytocin|oxytocin]]. A second dose may be given later if no effects are observed after 1-2 hours. Vasotocin may be more effective.  

* '''Physical manipulation''' – it can relieve dystocia in species where individual eggs can be palpated and gently manipulated to the cloaca. However, this procedure carries the risk of egg rupture, oviduct rupture, prolapse and perhaps death. Risks are decreased if this procedure is carried out under general [[Lizard and Snake Anaesthesia|anaesthetic]].   

* '''Physical manipulation''' – it can relieve dystocia in species where individual eggs can be palpated and gently manipulated to the cloaca. However, this procedure carries the risk of egg rupture, oviduct rupture, prolapse and perhaps death. Risks are decreased if this procedure is carried out under general [[Lizard and Snake Anaesthesia|anaesthetic]].   

* '''Percutaneous ovocentesis''' - this method involves inserting a large gauge needle through the ventrum into the egg and aspirating the contents (this method is often very successful in Elaphe species). This results in a smaller egg that may be easier to pass. Caution must be taken to not allow any of the egg contents to escape into the coelomic cavity. Aspiration must be done within the 48 hours of cessation of laying since the eggs harden making aspiration impossible. Hormonal stimulation may be used to start contractions if they do not start on their own after the aspiration. Prostaglandins have also been recommended. Antibiotics should be given prophylactically. If the eggs are not expelled within 48 hours of aspiration consider surgical removal.

* '''Percutaneous ovocentesis''' - this method involves inserting a large gauge needle through the ventrum into the egg and aspirating the contents (this method is often very successful in Elaphe species). This results in a smaller egg that may be easier to pass. Caution must be taken to not allow any of the egg contents to escape into the coelomic cavity. Aspiration must be done within the 48 hours of cessation of laying since the eggs harden making aspiration impossible. Hormonal stimulation may be used to start contractions if they do not start on their own after the aspiration. Prostaglandins have also been recommended. Antibiotics should be given prophylactically. If the eggs are not expelled within 48 hours of aspiration consider surgical removal.

If oviposition/parturition does not occur within 2 or more weeks or the reptile becomes dehydrated and lethargic, consider an ovariosalpingectomy.

If oviposition/parturition does not occur within 2 or more weeks or the reptile becomes dehydrated and lethargic, consider an ovariosalpingectomy.

===Surgery===

===Surgery===

[[Lizard and Snake Surgery|Surgery]] is indicated for relief of dystocia if the above fail, if there is an obstruction or if there is prolapsed devitalised oviduct tissue. Surgery may involve single or multiple salpingotomy, unilateral or bilateral salpingectomy or unilateral or bilateral ovariosalpingectomy.   

[[Lizard and Snake Surgery|Surgery]] is indicated for relief of dystocia if the above fail, if there is an obstruction or if there is prolapsed devitalised oviduct tissue. Surgery may involve single or multiple salpingotomy, unilateral or bilateral salpingectomy or unilateral or bilateral ovariosalpingectomy.