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* Blood Glucose: Hypoglycaemia as a consequence of hyperactivity. not seen consistently with chocolate poisoning <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>.  
 
* Blood Glucose: Hypoglycaemia as a consequence of hyperactivity. not seen consistently with chocolate poisoning <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins''</ref>.  
 
* Urinalysis: Proteinuria, low specific gravity; not seen consistently with chocolate poisoning <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref>.
 
* Urinalysis: Proteinuria, low specific gravity; not seen consistently with chocolate poisoning <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref>.
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===Other===
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*ECG: rate and rhythm abnormalities
    
===Pathology===
 
===Pathology===
 
The methylxanthines yield their effects through
 
The methylxanthines yield their effects through
*'''Antagonism of Adenosine Receptors:'''<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition, 2007</ref> this antagonism results in stimulation of the central nervous system, vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref> and also diureses <ref name=multiples> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 04.10.2010 </ref>
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*'''Antagonism of Adenosine Receptors:'''<ref name="multiples"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition, 2007</ref> this antagonism results in stimulation of the central nervous system, vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref> and also diureses <ref name=multiples> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 04.10.2010 </ref>
 
*'''Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase:'''<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition,2007</ref> consequently there is an increase in cyclic AMP, which in turn leads to greater catecholamine release and its effects <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref>.
 
*'''Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase:'''<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition,2007</ref> consequently there is an increase in cyclic AMP, which in turn leads to greater catecholamine release and its effects <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref>.
 
*'''Modulation of Intracellular Calcium Concentrations:'''Enhanced uptake and decreased sequestration within the cell leads to amplification of intracellular calcium levels in cardiac and skeletal muscle, the net result of which is a positive inotropic effect on these muscles. <ref name=multiples> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 04.10.2010 </ref>.
 
*'''Modulation of Intracellular Calcium Concentrations:'''Enhanced uptake and decreased sequestration within the cell leads to amplification of intracellular calcium levels in cardiac and skeletal muscle, the net result of which is a positive inotropic effect on these muscles. <ref name=multiples> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 04.10.2010 </ref>.
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