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Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (view source)
Revision as of 13:28, 16 November 2010
, 13:28, 16 November 2010no edit summary
==Description==
==Description==
Bovine Imunodeficiency Virus (BIV) is a Lentivirus (non-oncogenic), a genus of the ''Retroviridae'' family. It causes a persistent viral infection in cattle worldwide and was first isolated in 1969 from a cow with a wasting syndrome.
Bovine Imunodeficiency Virus (BIV) is a Lentivirus (non-oncogenic), a genus of the ''Retroviridae'' family. It causes a persistent viral infection in cattle worldwide and was first isolated in 1969 from a cow with a wasting syndrome. BIV causes a persistent viral infection in cattle, and has been reported in the US, Canada,Europe, Pakistan, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, Australia
and several other countries. The virus is morphologically, antigenetically and genetically related to HIV.
==Pathogenesis==
==Pathogenesis==
The mechanism of transfer is not well known,but the following possibilites are being researched :
The mechanism of transfer is not well known,but the following possibilites are being researched :
* Vertical transfer through infected Semen (e.g. Artificial insemination)
* Vertical transfer through infected Semen (e.g. Artificial insemination)
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
Bovine immunodeficiency Virus is not associated with a specific disease in cattle but has been associated with the folowing signs:
The virus was originally isolated in 1969 from an 8 year old Holstein cow in the US with lymphocytosis and lymphadenopathy.
Bovine immunodeficiency Virus has been associated with the folowing signs:
* Decreased milk yield
* Decreased milk yield
* Clinical immunodeficiency
* Clinical immunodeficiency
* Skin infections
* Skin infections
* Emaciation
* Emaciation
Immunocompromised cattle, arising from BIV infection, can develop secondary diseases associated with stress (e.g. parturition or environmental conditions) or sytemic disease. It may also be responsible for a poor antibody response to viral vaccines in calves.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
There are difficulties in the isolation of BIV from clincial cases. Serological tests such as immunoflorescence and western blot have ben used to identify the virus although virus isolation from these cases has been unsuccessful. Diagnosis by PCR remains the most sensitive test at present.
==Treatment and Control==
==Treatment and Control==
The Incidence of Bovine immunodeficiency virus appears to be low (1%) although can reach >15 % in some herds.
The Incidence of Bovine immunodeficiency virus appears to be low (1%) although can reach >15 % in some herds.