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Text replace - "-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology" to "- Anatomy & Physiology"
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** Very friable and can be easily removed with only the slightest friction.
 
** Very friable and can be easily removed with only the slightest friction.
 
** Close examination of this epidermal membrane is very helpful in evaluating prematurity and the degree of stress in the newborn.
 
** Close examination of this epidermal membrane is very helpful in evaluating prematurity and the degree of stress in the newborn.
*** In premature camelidae the membrane is firmly attached to the extremities, and in case of [[Parturition_-_Risks_in_Parturition_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Dystocia|dystocia]] or prolonged birth, the epidermal membrane becomes yellow because of the increased defecation and even diarrhea of the fetus.
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*** In premature camelidae the membrane is firmly attached to the extremities, and in case of [[Parturition_-_Risks_in_Parturition_- Anatomy & Physiology#Dystocia|dystocia]] or prolonged birth, the epidermal membrane becomes yellow because of the increased defecation and even diarrhea of the fetus.
    
== Normal Parameters ==
 
== Normal Parameters ==
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* The suckling reflex is usually shown within the first 30 minutes.
 
* The suckling reflex is usually shown within the first 30 minutes.
 
* Camelidae are born agammaglobulinemic because of the lack of [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placental]] transfer of [[Immunoglobulin_G|immunoglobulins]].
 
* Camelidae are born agammaglobulinemic because of the lack of [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placental]] transfer of [[Immunoglobulin_G|immunoglobulins]].
* Rely exclusively on passive immunity absorbed from maternal [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] for their protection against infection during the first weeks of their life.
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* Rely exclusively on passive immunity absorbed from maternal [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] for their protection against infection during the first weeks of their life.
* [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|Colostrum]] absorption is possible during the first 24 hours of life, with the maximum absorption being achieved during the first 8 to 12 hours.  
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* [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|Colostrum]] absorption is possible during the first 24 hours of life, with the maximum absorption being achieved during the first 8 to 12 hours.  
* Failure of passive transfer of [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostral]] [[Immunoglobulin_G|immunoglobulin]] is the major factor in neonatal mortality in alpacas and probably also in other camelidae.  
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* Failure of passive transfer of [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostral]] [[Immunoglobulin_G|immunoglobulin]] is the major factor in neonatal mortality in alpacas and probably also in other camelidae.  
* Newborn cria should receive 10% of their body weight in [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]], preferably within the first 12 hours after birth, with half of this amount given in the first 6 hours after birth.  
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* Newborn cria should receive 10% of their body weight in [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]], preferably within the first 12 hours after birth, with half of this amount given in the first 6 hours after birth.  
 
* Many factors such as cold weather or heat stress, lack of mothering, delivery by caesarean section and metabolic disturbances can can negatively affect the absorption of [[Immunoglobulin_G|immunoglobulin]].  
 
* Many factors such as cold weather or heat stress, lack of mothering, delivery by caesarean section and metabolic disturbances can can negatively affect the absorption of [[Immunoglobulin_G|immunoglobulin]].  
* If the dam does not have enough [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]], and no other camelid [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] is available, then cow or goat [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] may be used as a substitute.
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* If the dam does not have enough [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]], and no other camelid [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] is available, then cow or goat [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] may be used as a substitute.
* In normal circumstances, the calf is left with the dam once it has been determined that the dam is producing [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]].  
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* In normal circumstances, the calf is left with the dam once it has been determined that the dam is producing [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]].  
** This is important because maternal bonding enhances absorption of [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]].  
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** This is important because maternal bonding enhances absorption of [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]].  
* If the calf is not seen suckling by 3 hours after birth, then [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] should be milked out and bottle-fed to the calf.
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* If the calf is not seen suckling by 3 hours after birth, then [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] should be milked out and bottle-fed to the calf.
** If the calf has a poor suckling reflex, administration of [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] should be initiated via a stomach tume (as in lambs).
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** If the calf has a poor suckling reflex, administration of [[Lactation_-_Milk_Composition_and_Biosynthesis- Anatomy & Physiology#Colostrum|colostrum]] should be initiated via a stomach tume (as in lambs).
 
* Vitamin E-selenium preparations can be given intramuscularly to neonates born in selenium deficient regions.
 
* Vitamin E-selenium preparations can be given intramuscularly to neonates born in selenium deficient regions.
       
[[Category:Reproductive System]]
 
[[Category:Reproductive System]]
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