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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
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− | The cervix can be palpated transrectally and forms a sphincter controlling access to the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_- Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]].The anatomy of the cervical canal is adapted to suit a particular pattern of reproduction and its composition will alter under the influence of reproductive hormones. Not only does it respond to the fluctuation in oestrodiol during the [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|oestrous cycle]], but is responsive to prostaglandins and oxytocin in order to [[Parturition_-_Cervical_Softening_- Anatomy & Physiology|'soften']] for [[Reproductive_System_- Anatomy & Physiology#Parturition|parturition]]. | + | The cervix can be palpated transrectally and forms a sphincter controlling access to the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]].The anatomy of the cervical canal is adapted to suit a particular pattern of reproduction and its composition will alter under the influence of reproductive hormones. Not only does it respond to the fluctuation in oestrodiol during the [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|oestrous cycle]], but is responsive to prostaglandins and oxytocin in order to [[Cervical Softening - Anatomy & Physiology|'soften']] for [[:Category:Pregnancy and Parturition|parturition]]. |
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| ==Structure== | | ==Structure== |
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| ** Single fold and smooth surface in the queen and bitch | | ** Single fold and smooth surface in the queen and bitch |
| ** Multiple folds protruding into the cervical canal in the cow, ewe, sow and mare. | | ** Multiple folds protruding into the cervical canal in the cow, ewe, sow and mare. |
− | * The cervical canal opens cranially into the body of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_- Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] at the internal uterine ostium. | + | * The cervical canal opens cranially into the body of the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] at the internal uterine ostium. |
| * The cervical canal opens caudally into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] at the external uterine ostium. | | * The cervical canal opens caudally into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] at the external uterine ostium. |
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| * Multiple folds | | * Multiple folds |
| * Cervical rings form interlocking finger-like projections known as interdigitating prominences. | | * Cervical rings form interlocking finger-like projections known as interdigitating prominences. |
− | * Elaborate system of folds and crypts to provide a site of storage where sperm are protected from the spermicidal environment of the vagina and [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_- Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] in the ewe. | + | * Elaborate system of folds and crypts to provide a site of storage where sperm are protected from the spermicidal environment of the vagina and [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] in the ewe. |
− | * Allows semen to be ejaculated directly into the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_- Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] for rapid transport to the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Oviduct_- Anatomy & Physiology|oviducts]] in the cow. | + | * Allows semen to be ejaculated directly into the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] for rapid transport to the [[Oviduct - Anatomy & Physiology|oviducts]] in the cow. |
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| === Sow === | | === Sow === |
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| * Cervical folds form rings (cervical rings) | | * Cervical folds form rings (cervical rings) |
| * Mounds or cushions known as pulvini interdigitate with each other to close the cervical canal. | | * Mounds or cushions known as pulvini interdigitate with each other to close the cervical canal. |
− | * Ensures a tight coupling of the [[Male_Reproductive_Tract_-The_External_Genetalia_- Anatomy & Physiology|penis]] with the cervix to ensure that the large volume of semen produced by the boar is deposited in the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_- Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]]. | + | * Ensures a tight coupling of the [[Penis - Anatomy & Physiology|penis]] with the cervix to ensure that the large volume of semen produced by the boar is deposited in the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]]. |
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| === Mare === | | === Mare === |
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| * External uterine ostium opens on a small hillock projecting into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]]. | | * External uterine ostium opens on a small hillock projecting into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]]. |
| * Small | | * Small |
− | * Thick walled compared to the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_- Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] or [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] | + | * Thick walled compared to the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] or [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] |
| * Single fold | | * Single fold |
| * Smooth surface | | * Smooth surface |
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− | ==Function==
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− | * Provides a physical barrier to the uterus therefore preventing abortion due to infection by isolating the foetus from the external environment, closure is via the mucosal folds.
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− | * Cervical mucosa produces a mucous secretion which forms a mucous plug that helps close the cervical canal. This is easily expelled during [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Oestrus_Behaviour_- Anatomy & Physiology|oestrus]] and [[Reproductive_System_- Anatomy & Physiology#Parturition|parturition]].
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− | * Barrier to sperm transport in the ewe, cow, bitch and queen, but not in the sow and mare.
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− | * Assists with the storage and survival of sperm by admitting sperm to the genital tract at a time when [[Fertilisation%2C_Implantation_and_Early_Embryonic_Development_-Fertilisation- Anatomy & Physiology|fertilisation]] is possible (around [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_- Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]]).
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− | * Mucus production for lubrication and to prevent microorganisms from entering the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_- Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]].
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− | * Remodels itself at the end of [[Reproductive_System_- Anatomy & Physiology#Gestation|gestation]] to allow birth and to stimulate the development of maternal behaviour.
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| ==Histology== | | ==Histology== |
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− | [[Image:Ewe Cervix.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Histological Section of the Cervix of a Ewe- Courtesy of J.Bredl, Copyright RVC 2008]] | + | [[Image:Ewe Cervix.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Histological Section of the Cervix of a Ewe- from the [[Female Reproductive Tract Histology resource|Histology of the female reproductive tract PowerPoint]] ]] |
− | [[Image:Ewe Cervical Lumen.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Histological Section of the Cervical Lumen of a Ewe- Courtesy of J.Bredl, Copyright RVC 2008]] | + | [[Image:Ewe Cervical Lumen.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Histological Section of the Cervical Lumen of a Ewe- from the [[Female Reproductive Tract Histology resource|Histology of the female reproductive tract PowerPoint]] ]] |
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| *Uterine artery off the Internal Iliac artery (External Iliac artery in the Mare). | | *Uterine artery off the Internal Iliac artery (External Iliac artery in the Mare). |
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| + | ==Function== |
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| + | * Provides a physical barrier to the uterus therefore preventing abortion due to infection by isolating the foetus from the external environment, closure is via the mucosal folds. |
| + | * Cervical mucosa produces a mucous secretion which forms a mucous plug that helps close the cervical canal. This is easily expelled during [[Oestrus Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|oestrus]] and parturition. |
| + | * Barrier to sperm transport in the ewe, cow, bitch and queen, but not in the sow and mare. |
| + | * Assists with the storage and survival of sperm by admitting sperm to the genital tract at a time when [[Fertilisation - Anatomy & Physiology|fertilisation]] is possible (around [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]]). |
| + | * Mucus production for lubrication and to prevent microorganisms from entering the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]]. |
| + | * Remodels itself at the end of gestation to allow birth and to stimulate the development of maternal behaviour. |
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| + | {{Template:Learning |
| + | |powerpoints = [[Female Reproductive Tract Histology resource|Histology of the female reproductive tract]] |
| + | }} |
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| + | ==Webinars== |
| + | <rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/urogenital-and-reproduction/webinars/feed</rss> |
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| [[Category:Female Reproduction]] | | [[Category:Female Reproduction]] |
| + | [[Category:Bullet Points]] |