Changes

 

A '''colloid''' solution contains large molecules that do not easily cross a semi permeable membrane. Colloids can be either natural or synthetic. They are used to help maintain colloid osmotic pressure (COP), correct hypovolemia and with plasma (see below) clotting factors. It is the number of particles within the colloid that influences the osmotic effect, not the size of the particles. They are highly efficient at expanding vascular volume, compared to [[crystalloids|crystalloids]], which easily diffuse out of the circulation, meaning that less volume is required.

A '''colloid''' solution contains large molecules that do not easily cross a semi permeable membrane. Colloids can be either natural or synthetic. They are used to help maintain colloid osmotic pressure (COP), correct hypovolemia and with plasma (see below) clotting factors. It is the number of particles within the colloid that influences the osmotic effect, not the size of the particles. They are highly efficient at expanding vascular volume, compared to [[crystalloids|crystalloids]], which easily diffuse out of the circulation, meaning that less volume is required.

'''Dextran''' is a molecule produced by certain strains of bacteria to give this linear polysaccaharide as either a high or low weight molecule. It is found in a sodium chloride or dextrose solution. It is metabolised to glucose within the patient. Both high and low weight molecules produce the same plasma volume expansion per gram, although the low weight molecule it thought to achieve this more rapidly. There are concerns about it's interaction with fibrin, making clots weaker and decreasing factor VIII and von Willebrand's factor.  

'''Dextran''' is a molecule produced by certain strains of bacteria to give this linear polysaccaharide as either a high or low weight molecule. It is found in a sodium chloride or dextrose solution. It is metabolised to glucose within the patient. Both high and low weight molecules produce the same plasma volume expansion per gram, although the low weight molecule it thought to achieve this more rapidly. There are concerns about it's interaction with fibrin, making clots weaker and decreasing factor VIII and von Willebrand's factor.  

Examples include dextran 40 and 70.

Examples include Dextran 40 and 70.

===Hetastarch===

===Hetastarch===

====Plasma====

====Plasma====

'''Plasma''' is available as either a fresh or frozen product. ''Fresh'' plasma contains platelets and clotting factors, while ''fresh frozen'' plasma contains no platelets but does have clotting factors as long as it has been thawed correctly. Fresh frozen plasma can be used to expand the plasma volume, as long as the packed cell volume of that patient is within normal limits. However, there is always a concern when administering blood products of an anaphylactic reaction and so patients receiving these products should be closely monitored.

'''Plasma''' is available as either a fresh or frozen product. ''Fresh'' plasma contains platelets and clotting factors, while ''fresh frozen'' plasma contains no platelets but does have clotting factors as long as it has been thawed correctly. Fresh frozen plasma can be used to expand the plasma volume, as long as the packed cell volume of that patient is within normal limits. However, there is always a concern when administering blood products of an anaphylactic reaction and so patients receiving these products should be closely monitored.