|
|
(139 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) |
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
− | ==An Introduction to General Pathology==
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:General Pathology]] |
− | | |
− | * The term '''pathology''' is derived from:
| |
− | ** '''Pathos''', or suffering
| |
− | ** '''Logos''', or reasoning/logic.
| |
− | * Pathology is defined as the study of disease including:
| |
− | ** '''Aetiology''' - causal factor(s)
| |
− | ** '''Pathogenesis''' - the development of the disease within the body.
| |
− | ** '''Lesions''' - the observable structural changes in the tissues and fluids of the body.
| |
− | ** '''Pathophysiology''' - the functional changes in diseased tissues.
| |
− | ** '''Sequel''' - the consequences of the disease in the body.
| |
− | ** '''Remote effects''' - the effect of disease in one tissue on other tissues in the body.
| |
− | | |
− | ===Lesions===
| |
− | | |
− | * Lesions are the abnormalities or changes seen in living tissues due to disease.
| |
− | * Observed in
| |
− | ** The live animal
| |
− | ** Tissues surgically removed from the live animal
| |
− | *** Biopsy/ excision
| |
− | ** Animals soon after death
| |
− | *** Necropsy, post-mortem examination.
| |
− | | |
− | ====Decription of Lesions====
| |
− | | |
− | * Descriptions of lesions is very important
| |
− | * Whole organs, tissues or individual lesions are described under headings such as
| |
− | *# Size
| |
− | *# Shape
| |
− | *# Colour
| |
− | *# Weight
| |
− | *#* Generally in relation to body weight
| |
− | *# Texture and Consistency
| |
− | *# Appearance of the cut surface
| |
− | *# Contents of hollow organs
| |
− | *# Position, relationships and effects on adjacent tissues
| |
− | | |
− | ===Disease===
| |
− | | |
− | ====Definition and Type====
| |
− | | |
− | * '''Disease''' is a definite morbid (illness producing) process, having a characteristic train of symptoms or signs.
| |
− | ** May affect the whole body or any of its parts.
| |
− | ** The disease's aetiology, pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown.
| |
− | * There are two main categories of disease.
| |
− | *# '''Acute'''
| |
− | *#* Characterised by sudden onset and short duration.
| |
− | *#* The outcome of acute disease may be:
| |
− | *#** Death
| |
− | *#** Resolution due to host defence response or clinical therapy
| |
− | *#** Progression to chronic disease
| |
− | *# '''Chronic'''
| |
− | *#* Characterised by insidious onset and protracted course.
| |
− | *#* The outcome of chronic disease may be:
| |
− | *#** Progressive destruction of tissue
| |
− | *#*** Compromises funtion and endangers life,
| |
− | *#** The halting of the course of disease, with tissue repair by scarring.
| |
− | | |
− | ====Factors Involved in the Development of Disease====
| |
− | | |
− | * There are three factors which conspire with each other to produce disease.
| |
− | *# '''The individual animal'''.
| |
− | *#* In particular, the animal's nutritional and immune status
| |
− | *#** This is modified by:
| |
− | *#*** Recent or concurrent disease
| |
− | *#*** Previous exposure to the agent(s) responsible
| |
− | *# '''The disease-causing agent(s)'''.
| |
− | *#* Most do not cause a uniform pattern of disease
| |
− | *#** Host defences are important in determining the presentation of the disease.
| |
− | *#* An agent's capacity to produce disease depends upon:
| |
− | *#** The dose
| |
− | *#** The virulence of the agent
| |
− | *#* Several agents may be involved.
| |
− | *#** Usually one agent debilitates, allowing others to exert a greater effect within the body
| |
− | *#* The presence of an agent does not necessarily mean it is the cause of the disease!
| |
− | *#* A pathogenic agent may be absent from the tissues, due to:
| |
− | *#** Clinical therapy
| |
− | *#** Host defence systems
| |
− | *# '''Environment''', for example:
| |
− | *#* Overcrowding of animals
| |
− | *#* Mixing animals from differing origins
| |
− | *#** Carriers are allowed to infect susceptible animals.
| |
− | *#*** Carriers are animals which harbour the pathogenic agent but do not show signs of disease.
| |
− | *#* Changes in management routine
| |
− | | |
− | ====Types of Agents Causing Disease====
| |
− | | |
− | # '''Infectious organisms'''
| |
− | #* Viruses
| |
− | #* Bacteria
| |
− | #* Fungi
| |
− | #* Parasites
| |
− | # '''Physical'''
| |
− | #* Trauma
| |
− | #* Pressure
| |
− | #* Heat
| |
− | #* Cold
| |
− | #* Radiation
| |
− | # '''Chemical'''
| |
− | #* Toxic organic and inorganic substances
| |
− | #* Toxins produced by infectious organisms
| |
− | # '''Nutritional'''
| |
− | #* Deficiencies of vitamins and trace elements
| |
− | #* Excess vitamins and trace elements
| |
− | # '''Genetic defects'''
| |
− | #* There is a very wide range of potential defects.
| |
− | #** Some are incompatible with life
| |
− | #** Others affect specific systems within the body
| |
− | | |
− | ====Aspects of Disease====
| |
− | ====Post Mortem Examination====
| |
− | ====Techniques Involved in Pathological Examination====
| |
− | | |
− | ==Degenerations and Infiltrations==
| |
− | | |
− | ===Cellular Swelling===
| |
− | ===Hydropic Degeneration===
| |
− | ===Cellular Faty Change===
| |
− | ===Mucoid Degeneration===
| |
− | ===Hyaline Degeneration===
| |
− | ====Fibrinoid Degeneration====
| |
− | ====Amyloidosis====
| |
− | ===Glycogen Infiltration===
| |
− | ===Cellular Inclusions===
| |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | ==Necrosis==
| |
− | ===Causes of Necrosis===
| |
− | ===Gross and Histological Features of Necrotic Lesions===
| |
− | ====Coagulation Necrosis====
| |
− | ====Liquefactive Necrosis====
| |
− | ====Caseation Necrosis====
| |
− | ===Sequel to Necrosis===
| |
− | ====Fat Necrosis====
| |
− | ====Gangrene====
| |
− | | |
− | ==Post Mortem Change==
| |
− | ===Types of Post Mortem Change===
| |
− | ====Rigor Mortis====
| |
− | | |
− | ====Post Mortem Clotting of Blood====
| |
− | ====Hypostatic Congestion====
| |
− | ====Post Mortem Imbibition of Blood====
| |
− | ====Inbibition of Bile Pigment====
| |
− | ====Gaseous Distenstion of the Alimentary Tract====
| |
− | ====Autolysis====
| |
− | ====Putrefaction====
| |
− | | |
− | ==Pigmentation and Calcification==
| |
− | | |
− | ===Exogenous Pigmentation===
| |
− | ====Carbon (Anthracosis)====
| |
− | ====Pneumoconiosis====
| |
− | ====Carotenoids====
| |
− | | |
− | ===Endogenous Pigmentation===
| |
− | ====Melanin====
| |
− | ====Blood Pigments====
| |
− | =====Haemoglobin=====
| |
− | =====Haemosiderin=====
| |
− | =====Haematin=====
| |
− | =====Jaundice=====
| |
− | =====Haematoidin=====
| |
− | =====Porphyria=====
| |
− | ====Lipofuscin====
| |
− | | |
− | | |
− | ===Mineralisation===
| |
− | | |
− | ====Calcification====
| |
− | =====Dystrophic=====
| |
− | =====Metastatic (Hypercalcaemia)=====
| |
− | | |
− | ==Circulatory Disorders==
| |
− | | |
− | ===Introduction====
| |
− | | |
− | ====Venous Congestion and Hyperaemia====
| |
− | | |
− | ====Oedema====
| |
− | | |
− | | |
− | ====Dehydration====
| |
− | | |
− | ====Shock====
| |
− | | |
− | ====Haemorrhage====
| |
− | =====Rhexis=====
| |
− | =====Diapedesis=====
| |
− | | |
− | ====Haemostasis====
| |
− | | |
− | ====Thrombus====
| |
− | =====Causes=====
| |
− | =====Evolution=====
| |
− | =====Embolism=====
| |
− | =====Post Mortem Clots=====
| |
− | | |
− | ====Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation====
| |
− | | |
− | ==Inflammation==
| |
− | | |
− | ===Cardinal Signs===
| |
− | | |
− | ===Causes===
| |
− | | |
− | ===Acute===
| |
− | ====Introduction====
| |
− | ====Sequence of Events====
| |
− | ====Fluids====
| |
− | =====Serous=====
| |
− | =====Catarrhal=====
| |
− | =====Fibrinous=====
| |
− | =====Diptheritic=====
| |
− | =====Haemorrhagic=====
| |
− | =====Purulent=====
| |
− | =====Functions of Exudate=====
| |
− | =====Sequel to Exudation=====
| |
− | ====Cells====
| |
− | =====Neutrophils=====
| |
− | =====Eosinophils=====
| |
− | =====Mast Cells=====
| |
− | =====Basophils=====
| |
− | | |
− | ===Chronic===
| |
− | ====Introduction====
| |
− | ====Cells====
| |
− | =====Macrophages=====
| |
− | =====Lymphocytes=====
| |
− | ====Types====
| |
− | =====Granulomatous Inflammation=====
| |
− | =====Granulation Tissue=====
| |
− | =====Lymphocytic Inflammation=====
| |
− | | |
− | ===Changes in Inflammatory Cells Circulating in Blood===
| |
− | ====Neutrophilia====
| |
− | ====Neutopenia====
| |
− | ====Eosinophilia====
| |
− | ====Eosinopenia====
| |
− | ====Lymphocytosis====
| |
− | ====Lymphopenia====
| |
− | ====Plasma Cells====
| |
− | ====Monocytosis====
| |
− | | |
− | ===Role of The Lymph Node in Inflammation===
| |
− | | |
− | ===Healing and Repair===
| |
− | ====Introduction====
| |
− | ====Repair====
| |
− | =====Regeneration=====
| |
− | =====Replacement=====
| |
− | ====In Particular Tissues====
| |
− | =====Skin=====
| |
− | ======First Intention======
| |
− | ======Second Intention======
| |
− | =====Bones=====
| |
− | =====Respiratory Tract=====
| |
− | =====Alimentary Tract=====
| |
− | =====Urinary Tract=====
| |
− | =====Genital Tract=====
| |
− | =====Central Nervous System=====
| |
− | | |
− | ==Growth Disorders==
| |
− | | |
− | ===Congenital===
| |
− | ====Causes====
| |
− | ====Malformations====
| |
− | =====Cyclops=====
| |
− | =====Bulldog Calf=====
| |
− | =====Cleft Palate=====
| |
− | =====Cystic Kidney=====
| |
− | =====Spina Bifida=====
| |
− | =====Hydrocephalus=====
| |
− | =====Cerebellar Hypoplasia=====
| |
− | =====Skeletal Malformations=====
| |
− | =====Skin Defects=====
| |
− | =====Muscular Defects=====
| |
− | =====Cardiac Defects=====
| |
− | =====Sexual Organ Malformation=====
| |
− | =====Metabolic Diseases=====
| |
− | | |
− | ===Growth Disorders During Life===
| |
− | ====Atrophy====
| |
− | ====Hypertrophy====
| |
− | ====Hypoplasia====
| |
− | ====Hyperplasia====
| |
− | ====Metaplasia====
| |
− | ====Dysplasia====
| |
− | ====Anaplasia====
| |
− | ====Neoplasia====
| |
− | =====Benign Tumours=====
| |
− | =====Malignant Tumours=====
| |
− | =====Aetiology of Tumours=====
| |
− | =====Phases of Tumour Growth=====
| |
− | =====Tumour Classification and Nomenclature=====
| |