Difference between revisions of "General Pathology"

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==An Introduction to General Pathology==
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#REDIRECT[[:Category:General Pathology]]
 
 
* The term '''pathology''' is derived from:
 
** '''Pathos''', or suffering
 
** '''Logos''', or reasoning/logic.
 
* Pathology is defined as the study of disease including:
 
** '''Aetiology''' - causal factor(s)
 
** '''Pathogenesis''' - the development of the disease within the body.
 
** '''Lesions''' - the observable structural changes in the tissues and fluids of the body.
 
** '''Pathophysiology''' - the functional changes in diseased tissues.
 
** '''Sequel''' - the consequences of the disease in the body.
 
** '''Remote effects''' - the effect of disease in one tissue on other tissues in the body.
 
 
 
===Lesions===
 
 
 
* Lesions are the abnormalities or changes seen in living tissues due to disease.
 
* Observed in
 
** The live animal
 
** Tissues surgically removed from the live animal
 
*** Biopsy/ excision
 
** Animals soon after death
 
*** Necropsy, post-mortem examination.
 
 
 
====Decription of Lesions====
 
 
 
* Descriptions of lesions is very important
 
* Whole organs, tissues or individual lesions are described under headings such as
 
*# Size
 
*# Shape
 
*# Colour
 
*# Weight
 
*#* Generally in relation to body weight
 
*# Texture and Consistency
 
*# Appearance of the cut surface
 
*# Contents of hollow organs
 
*# Position, relationships and effects on adjacent tissues
 
 
 
===Disease===
 
 
 
====Definition and Type====
 
 
 
* '''Disease''' is  a definite morbid (illness producing) process, having a characteristic train of symptoms or signs.
 
** May affect the whole body or any of its parts.
 
** The disease's aetiology, pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown.
 
* There are two main categories of disease.
 
*# '''Acute'''
 
*#* Characterised by sudden onset and short duration.
 
*#* The outcome of acute disease may be:
 
*#** Death
 
*#** Resolution due to host defence response or clinical therapy
 
*#** Progression to chronic disease
 
*# '''Chronic'''
 
*#* Characterised by insidious onset and protracted course.
 
*#* The outcome of chronic disease may be:
 
*#** Progressive destruction of tissue
 
*#*** Compromises funtion and  endangers life,
 
*#** The halting of the course of disease, with tissue repair by scarring.
 
 
 
====Factors Involved in the Development of Disease====
 
 
 
* There are three factors which conspire with each other to produce disease.
 
*# '''The individual animal'''.
 
*#* In particular, the animal's nutritional and immune status
 
*#** This is modified by:
 
*#*** Recent or concurrent disease
 
*#*** Previous exposure to the agent(s) responsible
 
*# '''The disease-causing agent(s)'''.
 
*#* Most do not cause a uniform pattern of disease
 
*#** Host defences are important in determining the presentation of the disease.
 
*#* An agent's capacity to produce disease depends upon:
 
*#** The dose
 
*#** The virulence of the agent
 
*#* Several agents may be involved.
 
*#** Usually one agent debilitates, allowing others to exert a greater effect within the body
 
*#* The presence of an agent does not necessarily mean it is the cause of the disease!
 
*#* A pathogenic agent may be absent from the tissues, due to:
 
*#** Clinical therapy
 
*#** Host defence systems
 
*# '''Environment''', for example:
 
*#* Overcrowding of animals
 
*#* Mixing animals from differing origins
 
*#** Carriers are allowed to infect susceptible animals.
 
*#*** Carriers are animals which harbour the pathogenic agent but do not show signs of disease.
 
*#* Changes in management routine
 
 
 
====Types of Agents Causing Disease====
 
 
 
# '''Infectious organisms'''
 
#* Viruses
 
#* Bacteria
 
#* Fungi
 
#* Parasites
 
# '''Physical'''
 
#* Trauma
 
#* Pressure
 
#* Heat
 
#* Cold
 
#* Radiation
 
# '''Chemical'''
 
#* Toxic organic and inorganic substances
 
#* Toxins produced by infectious organisms
 
# '''Nutritional'''
 
#* Deficiencies of vitamins and trace elements
 
#* Excess vitamins and trace elements
 
# '''Genetic defects'''
 
#* There is a very wide range of potential defects.
 
#** Some are incompatible with life
 
#** Others affect specific systems within the body
 
 
 
====Aspects of Disease====
 
====Post Mortem Examination====
 
====Techniques Involved in Pathological Examination====
 
 
 
==Degenerations and Infiltrations==
 
 
 
===Cellular Swelling===
 
===Hydropic Degeneration===
 
===Cellular Faty Change===
 
===Mucoid Degeneration===
 
===Hyaline Degeneration===
 
====Fibrinoid Degeneration====
 
====Amyloidosis====
 
===Glycogen Infiltration===
 
===Cellular Inclusions===
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
==Necrosis==
 
===Causes of Necrosis===
 
===Gross and Histological Features of Necrotic Lesions===
 
====Coagulation Necrosis====
 
====Liquefactive Necrosis====
 
====Caseation Necrosis====
 
===Sequel to Necrosis===
 
====Fat Necrosis====
 
====Gangrene====
 
 
 
==Post Mortem Change==
 
===Types of Post Mortem Change===
 
====Rigor Mortis====
 
 
 
====Post Mortem Clotting of Blood====
 
====Hypostatic Congestion====
 
====Post Mortem Imbibition of Blood====
 
====Inbibition of Bile Pigment====
 
====Gaseous Distenstion of the Alimentary Tract====
 
====Autolysis====
 
====Putrefaction====
 
 
 
==Pigmentation and Calcification==
 
 
 
===Exogenous Pigmentation===
 
====Carbon (Anthracosis)====
 
====Pneumoconiosis====
 
====Carotenoids====
 
 
 
===Endogenous Pigmentation===
 
====Melanin====
 
====Blood Pigments====
 
=====Haemoglobin=====
 
=====Haemosiderin=====
 
=====Haematin=====
 
=====Jaundice=====
 
=====Haematoidin=====
 
=====Porphyria=====
 
====Lipofuscin====
 
 
 
 
 
===Mineralisation===
 
 
 
====Calcification====
 
=====Dystrophic=====
 
=====Metastatic (Hypercalcaemia)=====
 
 
 
==Circulatory Disorders==
 
 
 
===Introduction====
 
 
 
====Venous Congestion and Hyperaemia====
 
 
 
====Oedema====
 
 
 
 
 
====Dehydration====
 
 
 
====Shock====
 
 
 
====Haemorrhage====
 
=====Rhexis=====
 
=====Diapedesis=====
 
 
 
====Haemostasis====
 
 
 
====Thrombus====
 
=====Causes=====
 
=====Evolution=====
 
=====Embolism=====
 
=====Post Mortem Clots=====
 
 
 
====Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation====
 
 
 
==Inflammation==
 
 
 
===Cardinal Signs===
 
 
 
===Causes===
 
 
 
===Acute===
 
====Introduction====
 
====Sequence of Events====
 
====Fluids====
 
=====Serous=====
 
=====Catarrhal=====
 
=====Fibrinous=====
 
=====Diptheritic=====
 
=====Haemorrhagic=====
 
=====Purulent=====
 
=====Functions of Exudate=====
 
=====Sequel to Exudation=====
 
====Cells====
 
=====Neutrophils=====
 
=====Eosinophils=====
 
=====Mast Cells=====
 
=====Basophils=====
 
 
 
===Chronic===
 
====Introduction====
 
====Cells====
 
=====Macrophages=====
 
=====Lymphocytes=====
 
====Types====
 
=====Granulomatous Inflammation=====
 
=====Granulation Tissue=====
 
=====Lymphocytic Inflammation=====
 
 
 
===Changes in Inflammatory Cells Circulating in Blood===
 
====Neutrophilia====
 
====Neutopenia====
 
====Eosinophilia====
 
====Eosinopenia====
 
====Lymphocytosis====
 
====Lymphopenia====
 
====Plasma Cells====
 
====Monocytosis====
 
 
 
===Role of The Lymph Node in Inflammation===
 
 
 
===Healing and Repair===
 
====Introduction====
 
====Repair====
 
=====Regeneration=====
 
=====Replacement=====
 
====In Particular Tissues====
 
=====Skin=====
 
======First Intention======
 
======Second Intention======
 
=====Bones=====
 
=====Respiratory Tract=====
 
=====Alimentary Tract=====
 
=====Urinary Tract=====
 
=====Genital Tract=====
 
=====Central Nervous System=====
 
 
 
==Growth Disorders==
 
 
 
===Congenital===
 
====Causes====
 
====Malformations====
 
=====Cyclops=====
 
=====Bulldog Calf=====
 
=====Cleft Palate=====
 
=====Cystic Kidney=====
 
=====Spina Bifida=====
 
=====Hydrocephalus=====
 
=====Cerebellar Hypoplasia=====
 
=====Skeletal Malformations=====
 
=====Skin Defects=====
 
=====Muscular Defects=====
 
=====Cardiac Defects=====
 
=====Sexual Organ Malformation=====
 
=====Metabolic Diseases=====
 
 
 
===Growth Disorders During Life===
 
====Atrophy====
 
====Hypertrophy====
 
====Hypoplasia====
 
====Hyperplasia====
 
====Metaplasia====
 
====Dysplasia====
 
====Anaplasia====
 
====Neoplasia====
 
=====Benign Tumours=====
 
=====Malignant Tumours=====
 
=====Aetiology of Tumours=====
 
=====Phases of Tumour Growth=====
 
=====Tumour Classification and Nomenclature=====
 

Latest revision as of 12:42, 15 February 2011