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| − | ==An Introduction to General Pathology==
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:General Pathology]] |
| − | | |
| − | * The term '''pathology''' is derived from:
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| − | ** '''Pathos''', or suffering
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| − | ** '''Logos''', or reasoning/logic.
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| − | * Pathology is defined as the study of disease including:
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| − | ** '''Aetiology''' - causal factor(s)
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| − | ** '''Pathogenesis''' - the development of the disease within the body.
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| − | ** '''Lesions''' - the observable structural changes in the tissues and fluids of the body.
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| − | ** '''Pathophysiology''' - the functional changes in diseased tissues.
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| − | ** '''Sequel''' - the consequences of the disease in the body.
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| − | ** '''Remote effects''' - the effect of disease in one tissue on other tissues in the body.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Lesions===
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| − | | |
| − | * Lesions are the abnormalities or changes seen in living tissues due to disease.
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| − | * Observed in
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| − | ** The live animal
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| − | ** Tissues surgically removed from the live animal
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| − | *** Biopsy/ excision
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| − | ** Animals soon after death
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| − | *** Necropsy, post-mortem examination.
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| − | | |
| − | ====Decription of Lesions====
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| − | | |
| − | * Descriptions of lesions is very important
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| − | * Whole organs, tissues or individual lesions are described under headings such as
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| − | *# Size
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| − | *# Shape
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| − | *# Colour
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| − | *# Weight
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| − | *#* Generally in relation to body weight
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| − | *# Texture and Consistency
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| − | *# Appearance of the cut surface
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| − | *# Contents of hollow organs
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| − | *# Position, relationships and effects on adjacent tissues
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| − | | |
| − | ===Disease===
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| − | | |
| − | ====Definition and Type====
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| − | * '''Disease''' is a definite morbid (illness producing) process, having a characteristic train of symptoms or signs.
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| − | ** May affect the whole body or any of its parts.
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| − | ** The disease's aetiology, pathology and prognosis may be known or unknown.
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| − | * There are two main categories of disease.
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| − | *# '''Acute'''
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| − | *#* Characterised by sudden onset and short duration.
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| − | *#* The outcome of acute disease may be:
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| − | *#** Death
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| − | *#** Resolution due to host defence response or clinical therapy
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| − | *#** Progression to chronic disease
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| − | *# '''Chronic'''
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| − | *#* Characterised by insidious onset and protracted course.
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| − | *#* The outcome of chronic disease may be:
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| − | *#** Progressive destruction of tissue
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| − | *#*** Compromises funtion and endangers life,
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| − | *#** The halting of the course of disease, with tissue repair by scarring.
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| − | | |
| − | ====Factors Involved in the Development of Disease====
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| − | * There are three factors which conspire with each other to produce disease.
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| − | *# '''The individual animal'''.
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| − | *#* In particular, the animal's nutritional and immune status
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| − | *#** This is modified by:
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| − | *#*** Recent or concurrent disease
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| − | *#*** Previous exposure to the agent(s) responsible
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| − | *# '''The disease-causing agent(s)'''.
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| − | *#* Most do not cause a uniform pattern of disease
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| − | *#** Host defences are important in determining the presentation of the disease.
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| − | *#* An agent's capacity to produce disease depends upon:
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| − | *#** The dose
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| − | *#** The virulence of the agent
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| − | *#* Several agents may be involved.
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| − | *#** Usually one agent debilitates, allowing others to exert a greater effect within the body
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| − | *#* The presence of an agent does not necessarily mean it is the cause of the disease!
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| − | *#* A pathogenic agent may be absent from the tissues, due to:
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| − | *#** Clinical therapy
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| − | *#** Host defence systems
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| − | *# '''Environment''', for example:
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| − | *#* Overcrowding of animals
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| − | *#* Mixing animals from differing origins
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| − | *#** Carriers are allowed to infect susceptible animals.
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| − | *#*** Carriers are animals which harbour the pathogenic agent but do not show signs of disease.
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| − | *#* Changes in management routine
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| − | | |
| − | ====Types of Agents Causing Disease====
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| − | | |
| − | # '''Infectious organisms'''
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| − | #* Viruses
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| − | #* Bacteria
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| − | #* Fungi
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| − | #* Parasites
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| − | # '''Physical'''
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| − | #* Trauma
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| − | #* Pressure
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| − | #* Heat
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| − | #* Cold
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| − | #* Radiation
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| − | # '''Chemical'''
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| − | #* Toxic organic and inorganic substances
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| − | #* Toxins produced by infectious organisms
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| − | # '''Nutritional'''
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| − | #* Deficiencies of vitamins and trace elements
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| − | #* Excess vitamins and trace elements
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| − | # '''Genetic defects'''
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| − | #* There is a very wide range of potential defects.
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| − | #** Some are incompatible with life
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| − | #** Others affect specific systems within the body
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| − | | |
| − | ====Aspects of Disease====
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| − | ====Post Mortem Examination====
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| − | ====Techniques Involved in Pathological Examination====
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| − | | |
| − | ==Degenerations and Infiltrations==
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| − | | |
| − | ===Cellular Swelling===
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| − | ===Hydropic Degeneration===
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| − | ===Cellular Faty Change===
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| − | ===Mucoid Degeneration===
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| − | ===Hyaline Degeneration===
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| − | ====Fibrinoid Degeneration====
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| − | ====Amyloidosis====
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| − | ===Glycogen Infiltration===
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| − | ===Cellular Inclusions===
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| − | ==Necrosis==
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| − | ===Causes of Necrosis===
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| − | ===Gross and Histological Features of Necrotic Lesions===
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| − | ====Coagulation Necrosis====
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| − | ====Liquefactive Necrosis====
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| − | ====Caseation Necrosis====
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| − | ===Sequel to Necrosis===
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| − | ====Fat Necrosis====
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| − | ====Gangrene====
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| − | ==Post Mortem Change==
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| − | ===Types of Post Mortem Change===
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| − | ====Rigor Mortis====
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| − | ====Post Mortem Clotting of Blood====
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| − | ====Hypostatic Congestion====
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| − | ====Post Mortem Imbibition of Blood====
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| − | ====Inbibition of Bile Pigment====
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| − | ====Gaseous Distenstion of the Alimentary Tract====
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| − | ====Autolysis====
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| − | ====Putrefaction====
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| − | | |
| − | ==Pigmentation and Calcification==
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| − | | |
| − | ===Exogenous Pigmentation===
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| − | ====Carbon (Anthracosis)====
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| − | ====Pneumoconiosis====
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| − | ====Carotenoids====
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| − | ===Endogenous Pigmentation===
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| − | ====Melanin====
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| − | ====Blood Pigments====
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| − | =====Haemoglobin=====
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| − | =====Haemosiderin=====
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| − | =====Haematin=====
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| − | =====Jaundice=====
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| − | =====Haematoidin=====
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| − | =====Porphyria=====
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| − | ====Lipofuscin====
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| − | ===Mineralisation===
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| − | ====Calcification====
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| − | =====Dystrophic=====
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| − | =====Metastatic (Hypercalcaemia)=====
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| − | ==Circulatory Disorders==
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| − | | |
| − | ===Introduction====
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| − | | |
| − | ====Venous Congestion and Hyperaemia====
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| − | ====Oedema====
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| − | ====Dehydration====
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| − | ====Shock====
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| − | ====Haemorrhage====
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| − | =====Rhexis=====
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| − | =====Diapedesis=====
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| − | ====Haemostasis====
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| − | ====Thrombus====
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| − | =====Causes=====
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| − | =====Evolution=====
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| − | =====Embolism=====
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| − | =====Post Mortem Clots=====
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| − | | |
| − | ====Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation====
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| − | | |
| − | ==Inflammation==
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| − | ===Cardinal Signs===
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| − | | |
| − | ===Causes===
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| − | ===Acute===
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| − | ====Introduction====
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| − | ====Sequence of Events====
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| − | ====Fluids====
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| − | =====Serous=====
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| − | =====Catarrhal=====
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| − | =====Fibrinous=====
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| − | =====Diptheritic=====
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| − | =====Haemorrhagic=====
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| − | =====Purulent=====
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| − | =====Functions of Exudate=====
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| − | =====Sequel to Exudation=====
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| − | ====Cells====
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| − | =====Neutrophils=====
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| − | =====Eosinophils=====
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| − | =====Mast Cells=====
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| − | =====Basophils=====
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| − | | |
| − | ===Chronic===
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| − | ====Introduction====
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| − | ====Cells====
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| − | =====Macrophages=====
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| − | =====Lymphocytes=====
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| − | ====Types====
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| − | =====Granulomatous Inflammation=====
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| − | =====Granulation Tissue=====
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| − | =====Lymphocytic Inflammation=====
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| − | | |
| − | ===Changes in Inflammatory Cells Circulating in Blood===
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| − | ====Neutrophilia====
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| − | ====Neutopenia====
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| − | ====Eosinophilia====
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| − | ====Eosinopenia====
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| − | ====Lymphocytosis====
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| − | ====Lymphopenia====
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| − | ====Plasma Cells====
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| − | ====Monocytosis====
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| − | | |
| − | ===Role of The Lymph Node in Inflammation===
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| − | | |
| − | ===Healing and Repair===
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| − | ====Introduction====
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| − | ====Repair====
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| − | =====Regeneration=====
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| − | =====Replacement=====
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| − | ====In Particular Tissues====
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| − | =====Skin=====
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| − | ======First Intention======
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| − | ======Second Intention======
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| − | =====Bones=====
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| − | =====Respiratory Tract=====
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| − | =====Alimentary Tract=====
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| − | =====Urinary Tract=====
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| − | =====Genital Tract=====
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| − | =====Central Nervous System=====
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| − | ==Growth Disorders==
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| − | ===Congenital===
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| − | ====Causes====
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| − | ====Malformations====
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| − | =====Cyclops=====
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| − | =====Bulldog Calf=====
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| − | =====Cleft Palate=====
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| − | =====Cystic Kidney=====
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| − | =====Spina Bifida=====
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| − | =====Hydrocephalus=====
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| − | =====Cerebellar Hypoplasia=====
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| − | =====Skeletal Malformations=====
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| − | =====Skin Defects=====
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| − | =====Muscular Defects=====
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| − | =====Cardiac Defects=====
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| − | =====Sexual Organ Malformation=====
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| − | =====Metabolic Diseases=====
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| − | | |
| − | ===Growth Disorders During Life===
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| − | ====Atrophy====
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| − | ====Hypertrophy====
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| − | ====Hypoplasia====
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| − | ====Hyperplasia====
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| − | ====Metaplasia====
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| − | ====Dysplasia====
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| − | ====Anaplasia====
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| − | ====Neoplasia====
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| − | =====Benign Tumours=====
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| − | =====Malignant Tumours=====
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| − | =====Aetiology of Tumours=====
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| − | =====Phases of Tumour Growth=====
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| − | =====Tumour Classification and Nomenclature=====
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