Difference between revisions of "Psoroptic Mange"
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
== Synonyms == | == Synonyms == | ||
| − | *Sheep Scab | + | *'''Sheep Scab''' |
*Psoroptic scabies | *Psoroptic scabies | ||
*Psoroptosis<br> | *Psoroptosis<br> | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
'''Description''': The mite looks very similar in appearance to Chorioptes, being oval in shape with long legs, but is almost visible to the naked eye. It has pointed mouthparts and jointed pedicles which have suckers on the distal aspect. | '''Description''': The mite looks very similar in appearance to Chorioptes, being oval in shape with long legs, but is almost visible to the naked eye. It has pointed mouthparts and jointed pedicles which have suckers on the distal aspect. | ||
| − | '''Life cycle''': Egg- Larvae- Nymph- Adult is confined to the skin surface. This life cycle takes around 10 days to complete. Adult female life expectancy is around one month and she lays 2-3 eggs per day, hence a mite population on an animal can expand rapidly. The mite can survive off the host and so transmission via housing and bedding is possible. Most transmission occurs from direct contact such as at markets or in livestock transporters. | + | '''Life cycle''': Egg- Larvae- Nymph- Adult is confined to the skin surface. This life cycle takes around 10 days to complete. Adult female life expectancy is around one month and she lays 2-3 eggs per day, hence a mite population on an animal can expand rapidly. The mite can survive off the host and so transmission via housing and bedding is possible. Most transmission occurs from '''direct contact '''such as at markets or in livestock transporters. |
'''Predilection site''': Lesions are most common on flanks, neck, back and shoulders | '''Predilection site''': Lesions are most common on flanks, neck, back and shoulders | ||
| − | This mite is found worldwide, but has been eradicated from Australia and New Zealand. | + | This mite is found worldwide, but has been '''eradicated from Australia and New Zealand'''. |
<br> | <br> | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
== Pathogenesis == | == Pathogenesis == | ||
| − | The mite is active in the keratin layer of the skin and has abrasive mouthparts. It feeds on exudate of lymph, skin cells and bacteria caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to antigenic mite faeces, by the host. This causes intense pruritus, leading to self trauma, crust and scale formation and inflammation. | + | The mite is active in the keratin layer of the skin and has abrasive mouthparts. It feeds on exudate of lymph, skin cells and bacteria caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to antigenic mite faeces, by the host. This causes'''intense pruritus''', leading to self trauma, crust and scale formation and inflammation. |
| − | It is not only economically important to the sheep industry due to poor fleece quality and weight loss, but it can also pre-dispose to life-threatening condition such as Blowfly strike, as the blowflies find the damaged skin ideal for egg laying. | + | It is not only economically important to the sheep industry due to poor fleece quality and weight loss, but it can also pre-dispose to life-threatening condition such as Blowfly strike, as the blowflies find the damaged skin ideal for egg laying. |
The disease is most prevalent in autumn and winter months, however does still occur in the summer, especially in sheep that have not been shorn. | The disease is most prevalent in autumn and winter months, however does still occur in the summer, especially in sheep that have not been shorn. | ||
| − | Psoroptic mange in sheep '''used to be a '''''' | + | Psoroptic mange in sheep '''used to be a notifiable ''''''disease '''in the UK, but has been de-regulated since 1992 |
== Clinical signs == | == Clinical signs == | ||
| Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
*Inflammation with exudate followed by a yellow crust | *Inflammation with exudate followed by a yellow crust | ||
*Weight loss or reduced weight gain in young stock | *Weight loss or reduced weight gain in young stock | ||
| − | *Secondary bacterial infection or Blowfly strike | + | *Secondary bacterial infection or '''Blowfly strike''' |
<br> | <br> | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
*New stock should be isolated for at least three weeks before mixing with the main flock | *New stock should be isolated for at least three weeks before mixing with the main flock | ||
| − | *Plunge dipping is curative and preventative<br>- dip must contain the Organophosphate diazinon or the Synthetic Pyrethroid cis-cypermethrin<br>- plunge dipping must last for at least one minute and the head should be fully submerged twice during this time<br>- the sheep must be kept moving when in the dip as the movement displaces air from in the fleece | + | *'''Plunge dipping is curative and preventative<br>'''- dip must contain the '''Organophosphate diazinon '''or the '''Synthetic Pyrethroid cis-cypermethrin<br>'''- plunge dipping must last for '''at least one minute '''and the head should be fully submerged twice during this time<br>- the sheep must be kept moving when in the dip as the movement displaces air from in the fleece allowing better penetration |
*Can treat with avermectins or milbemycins by injection<br>- only moxidectin has any prophylactic effect<br>- need two injections 7 days apart or one single dose (doramectin only) <br> | *Can treat with avermectins or milbemycins by injection<br>- only moxidectin has any prophylactic effect<br>- need two injections 7 days apart or one single dose (doramectin only) <br> | ||
== Other species<br> == | == Other species<br> == | ||
| − | '''Cattle''' | + | '''Cattle''' |
| − | Uncommon in the UK. | + | Uncommon in the UK. |
| − | Affects withers mainly | + | Affects withers mainly |
| − | Can be treated with avermectin, milbemycins or topical acaracides | + | Can be treated with avermectin, milbemycins or topical acaracides |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''Horse''' | + | '''Horse''' |
| − | Notifiable in the UK, but has not been recorded for many years | + | Notifiable in the UK, but has not been recorded for many years |
| − | No licensed product for treatment of horses in the UK | + | No licensed product for treatment of horses in the UK |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''Rabbits''' | + | '''Rabbits''' |
| − | 'Ear canker mite' in rabbits | + | 'Ear canker mite' in rabbits |
| − | Externam auditory canal infection is often asymptomatic, but may cause scratching and head shaking behaviour | + | Externam auditory canal infection is often asymptomatic, but may cause scratching and head shaking behaviour |
| − | Can be treated with avermectin, milbemycins or topical acaracides | + | Can be treated with avermectin, milbemycins or topical acaracides |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == References == | + | == References == |
| − | Aitken, I.D, (2007) Diseases of Sheep fourth edition, Blackwell Publishing | + | Aitken, I.D, (2007) Diseases of Sheep fourth edition, Blackwell Publishing |
Fox, M and Jacobs, D. (2007) Parasitology Study Guide Part 1: Ectoparasites, Royal Veterinary College | Fox, M and Jacobs, D. (2007) Parasitology Study Guide Part 1: Ectoparasites, Royal Veterinary College | ||
| − | Hindson, J.C, (2002) Manual of Sheep Diseases second | + | Hindson, J.C, (2002) Manual of Sheep Diseases second edition, Blackwell Publishing |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| + | Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L, Wall, R.L, (2007) Veterinary Parasitology third edition, Blackwell Publishing | ||
| + | <br> | ||
| − | | + | |
| − | + | To_Do_-_Review [[Category:Integumentary_System_-_Mite_Infections]] | |
Revision as of 14:34, 1 March 2011
Synonyms
- Sheep Scab
- Psoroptic scabies
- Psoroptosis
Introduction
Psoropitc mange is the disease caused by the non-burrowing mite, Psoroptes ovis (common name Scab mite), which affects sheep.
Other species of Psoroptes mite affect a variety of species including Cattle, Goats, Horse, Rabbit, Camelid, however, all mites are host specific and will be discussed later.
Description: The mite looks very similar in appearance to Chorioptes, being oval in shape with long legs, but is almost visible to the naked eye. It has pointed mouthparts and jointed pedicles which have suckers on the distal aspect.
Life cycle: Egg- Larvae- Nymph- Adult is confined to the skin surface. This life cycle takes around 10 days to complete. Adult female life expectancy is around one month and she lays 2-3 eggs per day, hence a mite population on an animal can expand rapidly. The mite can survive off the host and so transmission via housing and bedding is possible. Most transmission occurs from direct contact such as at markets or in livestock transporters.
Predilection site: Lesions are most common on flanks, neck, back and shoulders
This mite is found worldwide, but has been eradicated from Australia and New Zealand.
Pathogenesis
The mite is active in the keratin layer of the skin and has abrasive mouthparts. It feeds on exudate of lymph, skin cells and bacteria caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to antigenic mite faeces, by the host. This causesintense pruritus, leading to self trauma, crust and scale formation and inflammation.
It is not only economically important to the sheep industry due to poor fleece quality and weight loss, but it can also pre-dispose to life-threatening condition such as Blowfly strike, as the blowflies find the damaged skin ideal for egg laying.
The disease is most prevalent in autumn and winter months, however does still occur in the summer, especially in sheep that have not been shorn.
Psoroptic mange in sheep 'used to be a notifiable 'disease in the UK, but has been de-regulated since 1992
Clinical signs
- Severe pruritus
- Evidence of self-trauma (loss, damage or staining of wool)
- Inflammation with exudate followed by a yellow crust
- Weight loss or reduced weight gain in young stock
- Secondary bacterial infection or Blowfly strike
Diagnosis
- History and clinical signs
- Skin scraping to microscopically identify mites (low magnification). Mites are found under scabs and in skin folds
Treatment/ Control
Infestations are difficult to eliminate from a flock so a key factor in control is to not allow it to enter.
- New stock should be isolated for at least three weeks before mixing with the main flock
- Plunge dipping is curative and preventative
- dip must contain the Organophosphate diazinon or the Synthetic Pyrethroid cis-cypermethrin
- plunge dipping must last for at least one minute and the head should be fully submerged twice during this time
- the sheep must be kept moving when in the dip as the movement displaces air from in the fleece allowing better penetration - Can treat with avermectins or milbemycins by injection
- only moxidectin has any prophylactic effect
- need two injections 7 days apart or one single dose (doramectin only)
Other species
Cattle
Uncommon in the UK.
Affects withers mainly
Can be treated with avermectin, milbemycins or topical acaracides
Horse
Notifiable in the UK, but has not been recorded for many years
No licensed product for treatment of horses in the UK
Rabbits
'Ear canker mite' in rabbits
Externam auditory canal infection is often asymptomatic, but may cause scratching and head shaking behaviour
Can be treated with avermectin, milbemycins or topical acaracides
References
Aitken, I.D, (2007) Diseases of Sheep fourth edition, Blackwell Publishing
Fox, M and Jacobs, D. (2007) Parasitology Study Guide Part 1: Ectoparasites, Royal Veterinary College
Hindson, J.C, (2002) Manual of Sheep Diseases second edition, Blackwell Publishing
Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L, Wall, R.L, (2007) Veterinary Parasitology third edition, Blackwell Publishing
To_Do_-_Review