Difference between revisions of "Arthritis Classification"

Revision as of 16:16, 3 March 2011

Fibrinopurulent arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)

Suppurative arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)

Inflammation of intra-articular structures
In farm animals usually due to infection
In small animals usually due to non-infectious causes

Classification:
- According to number of joints involved - polyarthritis
- According to type of inflammatory exudate
  - Serous
    - Increased synovial fluid production
    - Resolves if uncomplicated
  - Fibrinous
    - Early stages:
      - Increased and more opaque synovial exudate
      - Enlarged hyperaemic villi
      - Small haemorrhages in synovial membrane
    - Later stages:
      - Less exudate
      - Thickend synovial connective tissue
      - Marked villi proliferation (branching in microscopic preparations)
      - Proliferated synovial tissue -> peripheral fibrous tissue attempting repair across defective surface = pannus
    - Mild cases resolve
    - More severe cases - residual inflammation remains
    - Most severe cases - organising fibrosis +/- ankylosis
  - Purulent
    - Usually from haemoatogenous spread e.g. neonatal navel ill
    - May extend from adjacent abscesses
    - More destructive
    - Erosion of articular surfaces to underlying bone
    - Forms abscesses
    - Possible fistulation to the skin

Caused by:
- Trauma
- Infectious organisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses)
- Foreign material (urate crystals = gout)
- Immune-mediated disease

Infectious Arthritis

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 [[Category:Arthritis]]
-==Infectious arthritis==
+==[[Infectious Arthritis]]==
-*'''Bacterial arthritis'''
-**Most common in food animals, especially young
-**Portals of entry include:
-***Navel and GI tract -> bacteraemia
-***Haematogenously -> polyarthritis
-***Traumatic inoculation
-***Extension from bone or periarticular soft tissue
-*'''Viral arthritis'''
-**Progressive inflammatory and degenerative joint disease
-**Synovitis with cartilage destruction
-**Chronic mononuclear inflammatory reactions
-===In Sheep===
-*[[Retroviridae|'''Maedi visna virus''']]
-*Bacterial infections mostly affects lambs except for Mycoplasmal artheritis
-*[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]
-*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''
-*[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
-*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
-*[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]
-===In Pigs===
-*[[Erysipelas - Pig|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]
-*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''''' and [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
-*'''''[[Haemophilus suis]]'' and ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'''''
-*'''''[[Mycoplasma hyosynoviae]]'' and ''M. hyorhinis'''''
-===In Cattle===
-*Neonatal polyarthritis by:
-**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
-***Via umbilicus
-***Also involves eyes and meninges
-**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
-***Localises in joints and meninges in severe non-fatal neonatal colibacillosis
-***May remain as chronic arthritis in larger joints
-*Infections at any age:
-**'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''
-***Suppurative arthrtis
-***Often due to pebetrating wound into or close to joints
-**[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|'''''Mycoplasma spp.''''']]
-***May be respinsible for some chronic cases but difficult to prove as hard to isolate
-***Fibrinous polyarthritis
-**[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]
-***Severe disease in young calves
-***High mortality
-***Can be seen in smears of synovial fluid from swollen joints
-***Oedematous and hyperaemic surrounding tissue
-***Possibly due to intrauterine infection
-**'''''[[Brucella abortus]]'''''
-***Uncommonly localises in joints
-***Usually in '''carpal bursitis (hygroma) in cattle and bursitis in horses'''
-===In Horses===
-*Arthritis can occur following neonatal infections by:
-**'''''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]'''''
-**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
-**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
-**[[Salmonella|'''''Salmonella''''']]
-===In Goats===
-*[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]
-===In Dogs===
-*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
-**May cause '''discospondylitis'''
-**Destructive inflammatory lesion
-**Bacterial localise in ''[[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|''annulus fibrosis'']] -> may spread to local bone
-[[Category:Arthritis]]

Difference between revisions of "Arthritis Classification"

Revision as of 16:16, 3 March 2011

Infectious Arthritis

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