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| − | ==Degeneration==
| + | #redirect[[:Category:Muscles - Degenerative Pathology]] |
| − | [[Image:Degenerate muscle fibres.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Degenerate muscle fibres (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *Different types of degeneration
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| − | *May, or may not, be reversible
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| − | *Cloudy swelling, hydropic, vacuolar, granular and fatty change
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| − | *Occur following many different types of insult and are usually '''segmental'''
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| − | *If regeneration does not occur after formation of small vacuoles, [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Necrosis|necrosis]] follows
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| − | **Vacuolation -> floccular degeneration -> granular degeneration -> [[Hyaline Degeneration|hyaline]] and [[Zenker Degeneration - Pathology|Zenker’s degeneration]]
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| − | *[[Hydropic Degeneration#Vacuolar Degeneration|'''Vacuolar degeneration''']]:
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| − | **Due to swelling of organelles or due to glycogen or fat accumulation
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| − | **May be caused by hypokalaemia, hyperkalaemia or necrosis
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| − | *Histologically:
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| − | **Swollen
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| − | **Hypereosinophilic
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| − | **Lost cross striations
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| − | ===[[Muscle Calcification]]===
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| − | ===[[Muscle Ossification]]===
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| − | ===[[Muscle Pigmentation]]===
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| − | ==[[Muscle Necrosis]]==
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| − | ==[[Muscle Atrophy]]==
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| − | ==[[Toxic Myopathy]]==
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| − | ==[[Endocrine Myopathy]]==
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| − | ==Nutritional myopathy==
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| − | ===[[White Muscle Disease|White muscle disease]]===
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| − | ==Exertional myopathies==
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| − | *Caused by intensive and exhaustive activity of major muscle masses
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| − | *Glycogen used up -> local heat and lactic acid -> muscle degeneration
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| − | *Other forms include '''capture myopathy''', racing greyhounds, sheep chased by dogs
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| − | ===[[Equine Rhabdomyolysis]]===
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| − | ===[[Porcine Stress Syndrome]]===
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| − | ==Neuromuscular junction diseases==
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| − | ===Aquired myasthenia gravis===
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| − | *See [[Myasthenia Gravis|congenital MG]]
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| − | ===[[Botulism]]===
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| − | ==Circulatory disturbances==
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| − | ===[[Muscle Congestion]]===
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| − | ===[[Muscle Ischaemia]]===
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| − | ==Trauma==
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| − | *Due to:
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| − | **Direct transection of myofibres
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| − | **Compression of myofibres
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| − | **Secondary from haemorrhage (bruising)
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| − | ***May increase muscle pressure -> [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|ischaemia]] -> [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Necrosis|necrosis]]
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| − | **Partial rupture - ''e.g.'' of diaphragm in road traffic accident
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| − | **Complete rupture - ''e.g.'' quadriceps of racing greyhounds
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| − | **Myorrhexis (tearing) - ''e.g.'' slippery floor causing 'splits' in cattle -> adductor muscle tear
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| − | *Healing is by [[Muscle Regeneration|regeneration]]
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| − | *Fibrosis (scarring) will compromise function
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| − | *During [[Bones Fractures - Pathology|fractures]], fragments may cause further trauma if moved
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| − | [[Category:Muscles - Degenerative Pathology]]
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| − | [[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Pathology]]
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