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− | {{review}}
| + | [[Neurological Examination of Horses Overview]] |
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− | |linkpage = Nervous System - Pathology
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− | |linktext =Nervous System
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− | |maplink = Nervous System (Content Map) - Pathology
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− | <br>
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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
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| *** Ascending or descending proprioceptive pathways | | *** Ascending or descending proprioceptive pathways |
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| + | [[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse]] |
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| + | [[Neurological Examination Initial Observation - Horse|A]] |
| ==Signalment and History== | | ==Signalment and History== |
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| *** Metabolic problems, such as hepatic encephalopathy. | | *** Metabolic problems, such as hepatic encephalopathy. |
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− | ==Cranial Nerve Examination== | + | |
| + | [[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|B]] |
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| + | ==[[Cranial Nerve Examination - Horse]]== |
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| * The cranial nerves are numbered 1-12 from the most rostral to the most caudal. | | * The cranial nerves are numbered 1-12 from the most rostral to the most caudal. |
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| ** Abnormalities are rarely detected in this nerve. | | ** Abnormalities are rarely detected in this nerve. |
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− | ===Eyes=== | + | ===[[Neurological Eye Examination - Horse]]=== |
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| ====Menace Response==== | | ====Menace Response==== |
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| * '''The menace response therefore assesses both visual pathways and the facial nerve.''' | | * '''The menace response therefore assesses both visual pathways and the facial nerve.''' |
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− | ====Pupillary responses==== | + | |
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| + | ====Pupillary Responses==== |
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| * Pupil diameter is controlled by: | | * Pupil diameter is controlled by: |
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| * Lesions occuring post- cranial cervical ganglion result in sweating of the face and the area of skin at the base of the ear down to about C1. | | * Lesions occuring post- cranial cervical ganglion result in sweating of the face and the area of skin at the base of the ear down to about C1. |
| ** For example, lesions in guttural pouch disease. | | ** For example, lesions in guttural pouch disease. |
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| ====Vision==== | | ====Vision==== |
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| *** However, in this scenario eye movements to and away from the apparent direction of strabismus are still possible. | | *** However, in this scenario eye movements to and away from the apparent direction of strabismus are still possible. |
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− | ===Sensation to the Face=== | + | |
| + | [[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|C]] |
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| + | ===[[Face Sensation]]=== |
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| * Nerve fibres giving sensation to the face are carried in cranial nerve V - the trigeminal nerve. | | * Nerve fibres giving sensation to the face are carried in cranial nerve V - the trigeminal nerve. |
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| * The reflex is elicited by lightly touching the eyelids and watching for reflex closure. | | * The reflex is elicited by lightly touching the eyelids and watching for reflex closure. |
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− | ===The Vestibular System=== | + | |
| + | [[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|D]] |
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| + | ===[[Vestibular System Examination]]=== |
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| ====The Vestibulocochlear Nerve==== | | ====The Vestibulocochlear Nerve==== |
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| ** This is probably due in part to involvement of ascending proprioceptive and descending motor pathways that run through the brainstem. | | ** This is probably due in part to involvement of ascending proprioceptive and descending motor pathways that run through the brainstem. |
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− | ===Pharyngeal and Laryngeal Function=== | + | [[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|E]] |
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| + | ===[[Pharyngeal and Laryngeal Function]]=== |
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| * The pharynx and larynx are innervated by: | | * The pharynx and larynx are innervated by: |
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| *** Endoscopy of the guttural pouches should be therefore be performed in horses that are dysphagic. | | *** Endoscopy of the guttural pouches should be therefore be performed in horses that are dysphagic. |
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− | ===Movement of the Tongue=== | + | |
| + | [[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|F]] |
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| + | ===[[Tongue Movement]] === |
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| * The hypoglossal nerve, CN XII provides motor innervation to the [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]]. | | * The hypoglossal nerve, CN XII provides motor innervation to the [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]]. |
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| ** However, [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] atrophy is not present in these animals. | | ** However, [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] atrophy is not present in these animals. |
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− | ==The Body, Spinal Cord and Limbs==
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− | ===Testing Conscious Proprioception=== | + | [[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|G]] |
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| + | ==[[Body, Spinal Cord and Limb Neurological Examination - Horse]]== |
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| + | ===Conscious Proprioception Testing === |
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| * It is possible to test a horse’s conscious proprioception by altering the position of the limbs in space. | | * It is possible to test a horse’s conscious proprioception by altering the position of the limbs in space. |
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| **** Pulling the tail while stationary probably primarily tests lower motor neuron control and muscular strength of the pelvic limb. | | **** Pulling the tail while stationary probably primarily tests lower motor neuron control and muscular strength of the pelvic limb. |
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− | ==Determining the Site of Spinal Lesions== | + | |
| + | [[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse]] |
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| + | ==[[Site of Spinal Lesions Determination - Horse]]== |
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| * If there are no brain or brainstem signs, an animal with ataxia or weakness is most likely to have a lesion in the spinal cord. | | * If there are no brain or brainstem signs, an animal with ataxia or weakness is most likely to have a lesion in the spinal cord. |
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| ** In horses, problems are usually caused by defects in the lower motor neurons in the pelvic nerve. | | ** In horses, problems are usually caused by defects in the lower motor neurons in the pelvic nerve. |
| *** Faeces is retained. | | *** Faeces is retained. |
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| + | [[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse]] |