Bovine Leukaemia Virus

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Conjunctival prolapse in cow with bovine viral leucosis (sourced from Wikimedia Commons)

Also Known As — Enzootic Bovine Leucosis — Bovine Leukosis — EBL — BLV — Bovine Leukemia — Lymphosarcoma — Sporadic Bovine Leukosis — Bovine Malignant Lymphoma

Introduction

Bovine leukaemia virus is a retrovirus causing two specific diseases: Bovine lymphosarcoma and Persistent lymphocytosis.

Bovine lymphosarcoma is fatal while persistent lymphocytosis is not usually so.

Bovine leukosis is not transmissible to humans.

This disease is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)

Signalment

Cattle are thought to be the only species naturally susceptible, and prevalence rates are higher in dairy breeds than beef. The majority of infected animals are more than 2 years of age, with younger animals developing sporadic bovine leukosis which is thought to be unrelated – see below.

Sheep are susceptible to experimental infection which appears more pathogenic in this species.

Manifestation of the fatal neoplastic lymphosarcoma form of disease also appears better represented in dairy cattle.

Sporadic bovine leucosis is seen in young animals and causes thymic and cutaneous lymphosarcome. These animals are usually seronegative for EBL and so the pathogenesis is thought to be different to enzootic bovine leukosis.

Distribution

BLV is globally distributed, but prevalence widely varies.

While 89% dairy operations in the USA showed seropositive results and 43.5% of all USA dairy cattle were seropositive , seroprevalence in the EU rarely exceeds 0.5-1.5%.

Clinical Signs

Transmission

Transmission of bovine leukaemia virus is mainly horizontal. Iatrogenic procedures are an important route as they facilitate transfer of contaminated blood between individuals, e.g. vaccinations, dehorning, rectal examinations and surgical procedures. Natural transmission by direct contact requires contact with infected blood, exudates or tissues which enter through broken skin. Vertical transmission is most likely from colostrums/milk and is less important, although it does provide a method for control.

Lymphosarcoma

The most common presentation is that of enlarged lymph nodes which may cause multiple palpable swellings in the pharynx, flanks and limbs. This is often an early indicator of disease.

5-20% cases are peracute and present as sudden death. This is thought to be due to sequelae such as adrenal gland involvement or rupture of abomasal ulcers etc.

Other signs are multisystemic and non-specific:

Cardiovascular – Dysrhythmmias, jugular distension, tachycardia, murmurs

Gastrointestinal – Anorexia, hepatomegaly, dysphagia, constipation or diarrhoea, abomasal tympany, hypomotility

Retrobulbar tumours sometimes cause blindness and other ocular signs.

Neurological signs and lameness also sometimes occur due to local tumour growth.

Animals are usually afebrile.

Infected animals become permanent carriers.

Persistent Lymphocytosis

Persistent lymphocytosis is defined by an increase in total lymphocyte count by 3 times the normal standard deviation above normal, persisting for at least three months with no clinical signs of neoplastic lesions. This is thought to represent 1/3 of all BLV infected cattle.

Diagnosis

Identification of enlarged lymph nodes without a raised rectal temperature may instigate suspicion.

Agar Gel Immuno Diffusion (AGID) is the official standard test approved by most governments. This test is usually accurate by 2-4weeks following infection. This test however cannot differentiate between infected cattle and those with passive immunity from colostrum.

Radioimmunoassay and serum or bulk milk ELISA are also available. Antibodies may not be present for up to 12 weeks following onset of infection.

PCR can also be performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Multiple, firm white tumours may be present in any organ on post-mortem examination. In young animals, the common sites are the kidneys, thymus, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. In adults, the heart, abomasum, and spinal cord are often involved.

Treatment

None Available

Control

Testing and culling using the AGID test and PCR for young calves is effective, but not economically viable in high prevalence herds. In these circumstances, prevention of transmission between animals by direct contact with blood is the key focus. Some countries and states have mandatory management and monitoring practices in place which must be obeyed.

Feeding young calves milk from seronegative dams can prevent further transmission ov BLV, although in high prevalence herds, frozen colostrums from infected dams has been used in order to provide passive immunity to the virus, while reducing lymphocyte infectivity. Note that these calves will then have a positive AGID result and therefore may be refused for export.

No vaccine is currently available for BVL/EBL.

As the role of insect vectors is poorly understood, control of these is prudent as part of a control plan.

References

Merck Veterinary Manual, Bovine Leukosis, accessed online 02\06\2011 @ http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/54800.htm&word=leukosis