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| − | {{Podcasts
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| − | |link = http://media.bloomsburymediacloud.org/podcasts/wikivet-english/avian-infectious-bronchitis}}
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| − | Also Known As: '''''Infectious Bronchitis'''''
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| − | Caused By: '''''Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus'' '''also know as:''' ''AIBV'' — ''IBV'' — ''AIB'' — ''IB'''''
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| − | ==Introduction==
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| − | Avian Infectious Bronchitis is a '''highly contagious''' viral disease primarily of the '''[[:Category:Avian Respiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory system]]''' of birds, caused by a '''[[Coronaviridae | coronavirus]]'''.
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| − | The virus can also cause damage to the '''[[Exotic Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian|kidneys]]''' and '''[[Avian Female Reproductive System|oviducts]]'''.
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| − | IBV is transmitted mainly by '''aerosols''' and also by contaminated people/vehicles/equipment.
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| − | It can become '''persistent''' in a bird and recrudesce with '''stress''', e.g. at point of lay.
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| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | Chickens are the only known natural host of IBV. Other birds are affected by genetically similar yet distinct avian coronaviruses.
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| − | Disease is most severe in chicks.
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| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | Worldwide
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | '''Reduced weight gain''' or '''egg production''' and reluctance to move is often the first indicator of disease.
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| − | '''Mortality''' often occurs due to secondary infection, particularly due to [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']] and [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma'']] infections.
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| − | Respiratory Signs:
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| − | :'''Sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea, tracheal rales''', ingesta present in respiratory passages, nasal discharge, abnormal lung sounds on auscultation
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| − | | |
| − | Alimentary and Urinary Signs:
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| − | :'''Wet droppings, dehydration''', polydipsia
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| − | :'''Polyuria, Pollakiuria'''
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| − | | |
| − | Other Signs:
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| − | :Reluctance to move
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| − | :Swelling of the head and face
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| − | :Conjunctival congestion and increased lacrimation or ocular discharge
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| − | :'''Soft egg shells''', thin albumin and watery yolks
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | In the acute phase, '''viral isolation''' can be attempted from tracheal swabs or tracheal/lung biopsies.
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| − | If more than one week after initial infection, caecal tonsils or cloacal swabs are more reliable.
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| − | '''RT-PCR''' can be performed on buccal or oropharyngeal swabs.
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| − | '''Agar Gel Precipitation''' and '''Immunofluorescent Antibody''' (IFAT) tests can also be used to detect the virus.
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| − | On '''post-mortem examination''', '''yellow catarrhal or caseous exudates''' are present in the trachea, nasal passages, sinuses and air sacs.
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| − | On histopathology of the trachea, loss of cilia and sloughing with '''[[Heterophils |heterophilic infiltration]]''' is evident.
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| − | The kidneys are '''pale and swollen''' and tubules distended with '''urates''' if nephritis is also present. Heterophilic inflammation and degeneration may be evident.
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| − | Detection of '''viral antibodies''' is also valuable in surveillance and monitoring of vaccination. This can be performed using [[Immunodiffusion|'''Agar Gel Immunodiffusion''' (AGID)]] , [[ELISA testing |ELISA]], Virus Neutralisation (VN) and [[Agglutination|Haemagglutination-Inhibition (HI)]].
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| − | RT-PCR, VN and HI can also be used to type IBV isolates.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | '''No treatment''' is available for the viral infection.
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| − | | |
| − | Use of '''antibiotics''' in drinking water to treat and prevent secondary infection may reduce mortality and losses.
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| − | ==Control==
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| − | '''Live and Killed IBV vaccines''' are available and widely used but cross-protection is poor and numerous serotypes exist so disease is not always prevented. Vaccinations can be administered as intra-muscular injections (killed vaccines) or sprays/drinking water (live vaccines). Killed vaccines used alone do not induce immunity and therefore live vaccines are required to prime immunity first.
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| − | Good '''biosecurity''' and '''hygiene''' protocols are imperative to control this highly contagious disease. Particular efforts should be made with respect to '''ventilation''' and '''air quality'''.
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Avian+Infectious+Bronchitis%29/ Avian Infectious Bronchitis Publications]
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| − | |flashcards = [[Avian Infectious Bronchitis Flashcards]]
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| − | }}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | Cavanagh, D. and Gelb Jr, J. (2008) '''Infectious Bronchitis'''. In: '''Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition''' (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) ''Wiley-Blackwell'', pp 117-135
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| − | Cook, J.K.A. (2007) '''Coronaviridae'''. In: '''Poultry Diseases, 6th Edition''' (eds. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J., Alexander, D.) ''Saunders, Elsevier'', pp 340-350
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| − | Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Avian Infectious Bronchitis datasheet''', accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
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| − | {{CABI source
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| − | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=92907&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 avian infectious bronchitis] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=92904&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 avian infectious bronchitis virus]
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| − | |date = 25/06/2011
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| − | }}
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| − | <br><br>
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| − | {{Dave Cavanagh
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| − | |date = 23 August 2011
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| − | }}
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
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| − | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
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| − | [[Category:Avian Viruses]]
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| − | [[Category:Coronaviridae]]
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| − | [[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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