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| − | {{Podcasts
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| − | |link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/podcasts/wikivet-english/duck-hepatitis-virus}}
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| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | |name = DHV-II
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| − | |kingdom =
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| − | |sub-kingdom =
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| − | |phylum =
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| − | |super-class =
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| − | |class =
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| − | |sub-class =
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| − | |super-order =
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| − | |order = RNA viruses
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| − | |sub-order =
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| − | |super-family =
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| − | |family = [[:Category:Astroviridae|Astroviridae]]
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| − | |sub-family =
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| − | |genus = Astrovirus
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| − | |species = DHV-II
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| − | }}
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| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | |name = DHV-1 and DHV-III
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| − | |kingdom =
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| − | |sub-kingdom =
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| − | |phylum =
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| − | |super-class =
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| − | |class =
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| − | |sub-class =
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| − | |super-order =
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| − | |order = RNA Viruses
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| − | |sub-order =
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| − | |super-family =
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| − | |family = [[:Category:Picornaviridae|Picornaviridae]]
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| − | |sub-family =
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| − | |genus = [[:Category:Enteroviruses|Enterovirus]]
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| − | |species = Duck Hepatitis Virus I and III
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| − | }}
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| − | Also Known As: '''''Duck Viral Hepatitis''''' — '''''DVH''''' — '''''DH'''''
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| − | Caused By: '''''Duck Hepatitis Virus 1 and 3'' — ''DHV-1'' — ''DHV-3''
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| − | ==Introduction==
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| − | Duck hepatitis is caused by the [[:Category:Enteroviruses|'''enteroviruses''']] DHV-1 and DHV-3.
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| − | It is a '''highly fatal''' disease of ducklings causing very high '''mortality''', '''opisthotonus''' and '''hepatitis'''.
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| − | | |
| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | Ducks are the only species naturally affected.
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| − | DHV-1 occurs only in '''young ducklings''', usually '''<6 weeks''' of age and spreads rapidly within a flock. It is the '''most virulent''' of the three.
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| − | DHV-2, an astrovirus (duck astrovirus 1), not an enterovirus, has only been reported in outdoor ducks on open fields.
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| − | Duck Hepatitis is not considered zoonotic.
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| − | | |
| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | DHV-1 is present worldwide.
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| − | | |
| − | DHV-2 has only been reported in Norfolk, England and no outbreaks have been recorded since the 1980’s.
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| − | DHV-3 has only been reported in the USA.
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| − | | |
| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | '''Sudden deaths, Opisthotonus, Paresis''', Paralysis, Enopthalmos.
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| − | DHV-1 infection is most virulent. Morbidity is 100%, with mortality <95% up to one week of age, <50% for 1-3 weeks of age and negligible thereafter. Death usually occurs within 1-2 hours of clinical signs.
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| − | Mortality rates are lower in DHV-2 infections, reaching only 20%.
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| − | | |
| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | On post-mortem examination, the '''[[Avian Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]''' is '''enlarged''', appears '''greenish''' and displays distinct '''ecchymotic haemorrhages'''.
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| − | | |
| − | Splenic and [[Exotic Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian|kidney]] swelling may also be evident. Cutaneous haemorrhage is often noted.
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| − | | |
| − | On histopathology, '''necrosis''' and inflammatory infiltrate are visible within hepatic cells.
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| − | '''Innoculation''' from liver suspensions can be used for confirmation of all DHVs using embryonated duck eggs, chicken eggs and tissue culture.
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| − | '''Direct [[immunofluorescence]]''' can also confirm presence of DHV-1.
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| − | '''Virus Neutralisation (VN)''' serological tests can be used to monitor vaccination response and epidemiology.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | No treatment is effective once infected.
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| − | ==Control==
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| − | '''Vaccination''' is only commercially available against '''DHV-1'''. Immunisation involves two or three innoculations. Live, attenuated and inactivated forms are available.
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| − | DHV-1 can be prevented by '''strict isolation''' in the first 4-5 weeks of life.
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| − | The viruses are resistant to inactivation by heat, acid and some disinfectants. Only 5% phenol and formaldehyde are successful in inactivating the viruses.
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| − | Duck Hepatitis is a '''Class B''' disease listed by the ''Office des International Epizooties'' and thus any ducks '''exported''' require an international veterinary '''certificate''' that they are from a DVH free establishment and are not exhibiting clinical signs of DH. Vaccination status must also be disclosed.
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Duck+Hepatitis+Virus%29/ DHV Publications]
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| − | |flashcards = [[Duck Hepatitis Virus Flashcards]]
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| − | }}
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| − | | |
| − | ==References==
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| − | Gough R.E. and McNulty, M.S. (2007) '''Picornaviridae'''. In: '''Poultry Diseases, 6th Edition''' (eds. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J., Alexander, D.) ''Saunders, Elsevier'', pp 350-359
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| − | Woolcock, P.R. (2008) '''Duck Hepatitis'''. In: '''Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition''' (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) ''Wiley-Blackwell'', pp 373-384
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| − | {{CABI source
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| − | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=84184&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 duck hepatitis], [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=84185 duck hepatitis virus] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=84186 duck hepatitis virus type II]
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| − | |date =5 June 2011
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| − | }}
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| − | <br><br>
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| − | | |
| − | {{Dave Cavanagh
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| − | |date = 23 August 2011
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
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| − | [[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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| − | [[Category:Enteroviruses]]
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| − | [[Category:Astroviridae]]
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| − | [[Category:Avian Viruses]]
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| − | [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
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| − | [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]
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